Cox proportional hazards model of loss of independence according to the degree of kyphosis
| Participants (n) | Frequency of loss of independence | Occurrence rate/year | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | |
| Kyphotic posture | |||||
| None | 1147 | 82 | 0.013 | Ref | Ref |
| Mild | 272 | 38 | 0.026 | 2.38 (1.61 to 3.52) | 1.70 (1.13 to 2.55) |
| Severe | 202 | 51 | 0.048 | 3.63 (2.52 to 5.22) | 2.08 (1.39 to 3.10) |
*Estimated from a Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habit, lumbar spinal stenosis, low back pain, good health status, stroke history and hand grip strength.