Table 1

Age-standardised deaths and DALYs for different diseases attributable to tobacco and their percentage change in Nepal, 1990–2017

SubcategoryAge-standardised deaths, in rates per 100 000 (95% UI)Age-standardised DALYs, in rate per 100 000 (95% UI)
19902017Change, %19902017Change, %
All causes
Tobacco
 Male258.31 (210.40–311.96)192.61 (157.59–222.97)−25.446479.90 (5370.92–7761.64)4272.77 (3503.41–4989.62)−34.06
 Female173.77 (132.36–221.72)97.55 (76.10–122.53)−43.864417.82 (3434.48–5521.70)2259.71 (1807.00–2790.11)−48.85
 Both216.59 (183.28–258.18)141.95 (120.86–163.38)−34.465474.76 (4575.91–6509.77)3216.40 (2731.40–3706.93)−41.25
Smoking
 Male233.81 (188.33–287.71)173.70 (140.69–202.11)−25.715460.34 (4494.44–6658.41)3760.43 (3080.63–4416.59)−31.13
 Female145.70 (107.91–191.96)82.34 (62.37–105.36)−43.493280.63 (2506.14–4233.47)1813.83 (1404.38–2286.84)−44.71
 Both190.28 (157.79–229.81)124.98 (104.95–145.25)−34.324397.13 (3669.32–5255.62)2738.68 (2284.27–3196.91)−37.72
Chewing tobacco
 Male6.27 (4.33–8.66)5.88 (4.11–7.71)−6.16168.65 (114.63–236.68)141.37 (97.27–186.23)−16.18
 Female3.50 (2.47–4.87)2.61 (1.89–3.45)−25.4673.41 (50.23–103.75)52.22 (37.00–70.13)−28.87
 Both4.94 (3.79–6.31)4.18 (3.24–5.21)−15.49122.55 (91.82–159.88)94.91 (71.42–119.17)−22.55
Secondhand smoking
 Male29.06 (19.32–41.14)21.46 (15.18–28.93)−26.171086.43 (673.97–1635.96)549.55 (390.79–739.73)−49.42
 Female32.52 (20.82–48.22)16.96 (11.54–23.68)−47.841224.70 (741.83–1844.80)480.98 (332.88–653.52)−60.73
 Both30.79 (20.61–43.63)19.07 (13.58–25.41)−38.061154.42 (715.21–1723.62)513.66 (368.38–681.62)−55.51
Cardiovascular diseases
Tobacco
 Male79.77 (62.88–100.16)72.14 (55.43–87.12)−9.561936.27 (1511.95–2423.60)1647.74 (1249.24–2025.45)−14.9
 Female44.72 (32.51–60.62)25.56 (18.65–33.50)−42.841031.71 (759.76–1395.12)583.31 (436.90–754.23)−43.46
 Both62.60 (50.60–76.99)47.59 (37.76–58.00)−23.991496.61 (1211.38–1833.80)1091.61 (864.04–1335.54)−27.06
Smoking
 Male72.05 (56.17–91.65)63.81 (48.14–78.29)−11.431764.47 (1368.64–2229.23)1466.62 (1100.22–1816.26)−16.88
 Female37.58 (26.31–52.83)21.28 (15.00–28.47)−43.37866.98 (622.05–1191.46)487.20 (350.81–645.50)−43.81
 Both55.18 (43.64–69.61)41.42 (32.17–50.97)−24.941328.36 (1051.46–1644.91)955.25 (741.81–1176.85)−28.09
Secondhand smoking
 Male10.33 (7.50–13.98)10.55 (7.71–13.79)2.12239.06 (170.65–325.81)237.07 (164.09–318.59)−0.83
 Female8.93 (6.42–12.28)5.15 (3.72–6.88)−42.3209.45 (149.20–289.64)117.97 (83.21–157.40)−43.68
 Both9.63 (7.30–12.52)7.68 (5.71–9.91)−20.28224.55 (167.63–294.69)174.52 (127.17–225.73)−22.28
Diabetes and kidney diseases
Tobacco
 Male2.40 (1.24–3.52)4.04 (2.52–5.88)68.81122.02 (76.26–170.75)155.45 (100.86–216.42)27.4
 Female2.25 (1.08–3.91)3.36 (1.88–5.12)49.56100.14 (56.08–152.06)114.21 (65.15–166.66)14.05
 Both2.32 (1.40–3.39)3.68 (2.34–5.22)58.71111.38 (69.92–157.69)133.85 (84.28–188.70)20.17
Smoking
 Male1.52 (0.79–2.35)2.49 (1.44–3.68)63.0581.42 (48.91–117.42)96.71 (60.36–139.06)18.78
 Female0.99 (0.44–1.80)1.39 (0.72–2.29)39.8744.00 (23.92–69.99)45.15 (25.44–69.43)2.61
 Both1.26 (0.73–1.84)1.90 (1.09–2.82)50.8363.12 (39.32–92.22)69.58 (42.63–100.74)10.23
Secondhand smoking
 Male1.02 (0.37–1.76)1.78 (0.65–2.96)73.747.87 (18.20–78.84)67.04 (24.88–109.93)40.04
 Female1.38 (0.47–2.58)2.12 (0.79–3.57)53.4261.56 (22.44–103.23)73.72 (28.41–119.04)19.75
 Both1.20 (0.44–2.01)1.96 (0.74–3.16)63.5954.62 (20.91–90.45)70.65 (26.68–113.48)29.34
All neoplasms
Tobacco
 Male30.95 (24.06–39.91)28.96 (22.83–37.32)−6.44719.64 (561.48–925.16)599.10 (461.65–774.18)−16.75
 Female19.39 (13.78–25.56)12.94 (9.36–16.79)−33.27449.04 (319.58–604.71)264.74 (191.97–350.53)−41.04
 Both25.33 (20.13–31.34)20.51 (16.50–24.68)−19588.97 (467.75–728.93)424.87 (338.03–516.50)−27.86
Smoking
 Male27.08 (21.06–35.75)25.14 (19.63–32.65)−7.15608.89 (473.84–798.63)501.77 (383.81–659.25)−17.59
 Female16.42 (11.15–22.30)10.55 (7.22–14.28)−35.75379.46 (255.47–531.95)210.28 (145.63–284.73)−44.59
 Both21.87 (17.21–27.66)17.43 (13.68–21.32)−20.3498.15 (390.94–629.30)349.81 (272.49–429.49)−29.78
Chewing tobacco
 Male6.27 (4.33–8.66)5.88 (4.11–7.71)−6.16168.65 (114.63–236.68)141.37 (97.27–186.23)−16.18
 Female3.50 (2.47–4.87)2.61 (1.89–3.45)−25.4673.41 (50.23–103.75)52.22 (37.00–70.13)−28.87
 Both4.94 (3.79–6.31)4.18 (3.24–5.21)−15.49122.55 (91.82–159.88)94.91 (71.42–119.17)−22.55
Secondhand smoking
 Male0.45 (0.19–0.91)0.42 (0.19–0.78)−7.2210.32 (4.34–20.07)8.81 (3.99–16.65)−14.62
 Female0.71 (0.28–1.28)0.62 (0.26–1.08)−12.6319.02 (7.78–34.41)16.60 (6.95–28.67)−12.76
 Both0.58 (0.30–0.97)0.53 (0.27–0.87)−9.1314.61 (7.44–23.91)12.97 (6.68–20.93)−11.21
Non-communicable diseases
Tobacco
 Male218.16 (173.73–265.37)175.89 (142.88–204.64)−19.385073.68 (4093.17–6082.55)3868.03 (3172.91–4519.86)−23.76
 Female142.34 (104.66–187.72)86.99 (66.91–110.32)−38.883221.12 (2456.18–4144.06)1984.52 (1586.27–2466.11)−38.39
 Both180.75 (151.51–216.69)128.54 (108.71–148.12)−28.884171.13 (3497.48–4911.28)2880.23 (2423.63–3338.29)−30.95
Smoking
 Male201.54 (159.38–247.44)159.02 (128.76–185.87)−21.14660.11 (3736.64–5631.05)3460.52 (2818.29–4056.89)−25.74
 Female123.38 (88.81–165.96)74.07 (55.75–95.36)−39.972750.38 (2049.71–3589.87)1654.40 (1277.75–2100.42)−39.85
 Both162.93 (134.84–196.44)113.74 (94.11–132.80)−30.193729.23 (3088.40–4466.96)2512.85 (2093.96–2941.53)−32.62
Chewing tobacco
 Male6.27 (4.33–8.66)5.88 (4.11–7.71)−6.16168.65 (114.63–236.68)141.37 (97.27–186.23)−16.18
 Female3.50 (2.47–4.87)2.61 (1.89–3.45)−25.4673.41 (50.23–103.75)52.22 (37.00–70.13)−28.87
 Both4.94 (3.79–6.31)4.18 (3.24–5.21)−15.49122.55 (91.82–159.88)94.91 (71.42–119.17)−22.55
Secondhand smoking
 Male20.73 (13.44–29.41)19.10 (13.45–25.79)−7.84472.79 (313.93–651.81)439.77 (311.91–580.57)−6.99
 Female23.01 (14.20–34.45)14.46 (9.48–20.35)−37.17551.53 (358.70–804.61)361.85 (243.59–491.64)−34.39
 Both21.88 (14.28–30.81)16.64 (11.75–22.37)−23.92511.51 (349.86–717.58)399.22 (283.70–522.97)−21.95
Tuberculosis
Tobacco
 Male20.61 (11.78–33.64)5.29 (2.98–8.12)−74.34581.11 (338.60–930.65)140.92 (80.10–214.54)−75.75
 Female13.55 (4.08–27.10)2.43 (1.04–4.25)−82.06374.51 (122.68–703.54)62.02 (28.35–105.50)−83.44
 Both17.14 (9.42–27.10)3.78 (2.13–5.69)−77.94480.01 (273.37–734.23)99.52 (55.66–146.98)−79.27
Smoking
 Male20.61 (11.78–33.64)5.29 (2.98–8.12)−74.34581.11 (338.60–930.65)140.92 (80.10–214.54)−75.75
 Female13.55 (4.08–27.10)2.43 (1.04–4.25)−82.06374.51 (122.68–703.54)62.02 (28.35–105.50)−83.44
 Both17.14 (9.42–27.10)3.78 (2.13–5.69)−77.94480.01 (273.37–734.23)99.52 (55.66–146.98)−79.27
  • DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years; UI, uncertainty interval.