Table 1

Case-by-case overview of the devices, development stages, profession of interviewees, end-users involved in R&D, methods and topics

Case	Device	Development stage	Profession interviewees		Who is consulted	Methods used^*	Topics
1	Diagnostic device	Proof of concept	1	CEO	Urologists	Interviews	Design Usability
1	Diagnostic device	Proof of concept	2	Production manager	Urologists	Interviews	Design Usability
2	Mechanical aid (two interviews)	First functional model	3	CEO (joint CEO)	ENT surgeons	Conversations Feedback congress	Problem structuring Functionality Design
2	Mechanical aid (two interviews)	First functional model	4	CEO (joint CEO)	ENT surgeons	Conversations Feedback congress	Problem structuring Functionality Design
3	Diagnostic device	Used in hospitals	5	Founder and Chief Compliance Officer	Sterilisation department	Conversations Observations	Problem structuring Design Usability Aesthetics
4	Mechanical aid	First functional model	6	CEO	Surgeons with differing specialties	Interviews	Design Usability
4	Mechanical aid	First functional model	7	Founder	Surgeons with differing specialties	Interviews	Design Usability
5	Bedside aid	Proof of concept	8	CEO	Neurosurgeons Anaesthesiologists Nurses Students	Cocreation session Conversations	Problem structuring Design Usability
5	Bedside aid	Proof of concept	9	CMO	Neurosurgeons Anaesthesiologists Nurses Students	Cocreation session Conversations	Problem structuring Design Usability
6	Mechanical aid	Product tested in first hospitals	10	Clinical Field Engineer	Surgeons with differing specialties	Interviews Conversations Observations Feedback congress	Problem structuring Design Usability Safety
6	Mechanical aid	Product tested in first hospitals	11	CTO	Surgeons with differing specialties	Interviews Conversations Observations Feedback congress	Problem structuring Design Usability Safety
7	Mechanical aid	Product tested in first hospitals	12	CEO	Eye surgeons	Interviews Surveys Feedback congress Feedback studies Feedback in use Feedback education Observations	Problem structuring Functionality Design Usability
8	Diagnostic device	First functional models	13	PhD student	Radiologists	Conversations Observations Feedback congress	Problem structuring Functionality Design Safety
9	Catheter	Used in hospitals	14	Manager clinical research	Cardiologists Technicians hospital	Conversations Observations Feedback in use	Design Functionality Usability Safety
10	Diagnostic device	Used in hospitals	15	Founder, CSO	Radiologists	Conversation Observations Feedback in use	Problem structuring Functionality Design Usability Aesthetics
11	Implantable	Concept formulation	16	Intern	ENT surgeons Students	Interviews	Problem structuring Design
12	Implantable	First functional model	17	Market Development Manager	Orthopaedic surgeons	Observations Feedback in use Feedback studies	Design
13	Mechanical aid	Concept formulated	18	Founder, Medical director	Gynaecologists Surgeons with differing specialties Sterilisation department Technicians hospital	Interviews Conversations Observations Feedback in use Feedback research Feedback congress	Problem structuring Design
14	Catheter	Concept formulated	19	CEO	Cardiac surgeons Nurses Students	Interviews Observations Conversations	Problem structuring Design

*Formal methods to involve end-users are in italics.
CEO, chief executive officer; CMO, chief medical officer; CSO, chief scientific officer; CTO, chief technology officer; ENT, ear, nose and throat; R&D, research and development.