Table 1

Case-by-case overview of the devices, development stages, profession of interviewees, end-users involved in R&D, methods and topics

CaseDeviceDevelopment stageProfession intervieweesWho is consultedMethods used*Topics
1Diagnostic deviceProof of concept1CEOUrologistsInterviewsDesign
Usability
2Production manager
2Mechanical aid (two interviews)First functional model3CEO (joint CEO)ENT surgeonsConversations
Feedback congress
Problem structuring
Functionality
Design
4CEO (joint CEO)
3Diagnostic deviceUsed in hospitals5Founder and Chief
Compliance Officer
Sterilisation departmentConversations
Observations
Problem structuring
Design
Usability
Aesthetics
4Mechanical aidFirst functional model6CEOSurgeons with differing specialtiesInterviewsDesign
Usability
7Founder
5Bedside aidProof of concept8CEONeurosurgeons
Anaesthesiologists
Nurses
Students
Cocreation session ConversationsProblem structuring
Design
Usability
9CMO
6Mechanical aidProduct tested in first hospitals10Clinical Field EngineerSurgeons with differing specialtiesInterviews
Conversations
Observations
Feedback congress
Problem structuring
Design
Usability
Safety
11CTO
7Mechanical aidProduct tested in first hospitals12CEOEye surgeonsInterviews
Surveys Feedback congress
Feedback studies
Feedback in use
Feedback education
Observations
Problem structuring
Functionality
Design
Usability
8Diagnostic deviceFirst functional models13PhD studentRadiologistsConversations
Observations
Feedback congress
Problem structuring
Functionality
Design
Safety
9CatheterUsed in hospitals14Manager clinical researchCardiologists
Technicians hospital
Conversations
Observations
Feedback in use
Design
Functionality
Usability
Safety
10Diagnostic deviceUsed in hospitals15Founder, CSORadiologistsConversation
Observations
Feedback in use
Problem structuring
Functionality
Design
Usability
Aesthetics
11ImplantableConcept formulation16InternENT surgeons
Students
InterviewsProblem structuring
Design
12ImplantableFirst functional model17Market Development
Manager
Orthopaedic surgeonsObservations
Feedback in use
Feedback studies
Design
13Mechanical aidConcept formulated18Founder, Medical directorGynaecologists
Surgeons with differing specialties
Sterilisation department
Technicians hospital
Interviews
Conversations
Observations
Feedback in use
Feedback research
Feedback congress
Problem structuring
Design
14CatheterConcept formulated19CEOCardiac surgeons
Nurses
Students
Interviews
Observations
Conversations
Problem structuring
Design
  • *Formal methods to involve end-users are in italics.

  • CEO, chief executive officer; CMO, chief medical officer; CSO, chief scientific officer; CTO, chief technology officer; ENT, ear, nose and throat; R&D, research and development.