Table 3

Lifetime model results (per patient) and cost-effectiveness results

Country	) Outcome	Tiotropium/ olodaterol	Tiotropium	LABA/ICS	Tiotropium/olodaterol versus tiotropium	LABA/ICS versus tiotropium	Tiotropium/olodaterol versus LABA/ICS
Equal across countries	Annual total exacerbation rate	0.592	0.664	0.679	−0.072	+0.015	−0.087
	Annual severe exacerbation rate	0.128	0.148	0.184	−0.020	+0.036	−0.056
	Annual pneumonia rate	0.035	0.035	0.071	0.001	+0.036	−0.035
	Life expectancy (years)	11.75	11.54	11.16	+0.21	−0.38	+0.59
Finland	Discounted QALYs	6.159	6.067	5.926	0.092	−0.141	0.233
	Discounted lifetime costs	16 921	15 910	17 497	€1011	€1587	-€576
	Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio				€11 013	Dominated*	Dominant†
Sweden	Discounted QALYs	6.159	6.067	5.926	0.092	−0.141	0.233
	Discounted lifetime costs	18 916	18 348	20 509	€568	€2161	-€1736
	Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio				€6193	Dominated*	Dominant†
The Netherlands	Discounted QALYs	6.832	6.722	6.551	0.111	−0.171	0.281
	Discounted lifetime costs	137 253	135 662	134 656	€1591	-€1006	€2597
	Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio				€14 398	€5,902‡	€9243

*A treatment is dominated by the comparator, when the treatment results in less health effects and higher costs.
†A treatment is dominant versus a comparator when the treatment results in better health effects and savings in costs.
‡ICER should be interpreted as cost saved per QALY lost.
ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2 agonist; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.