Table 3

Lifetime model results (per patient) and cost-effectiveness results

Country)
Outcome
Tiotropium/ olodaterolTiotropiumLABA/ICSTiotropium/olodaterol versus tiotropiumLABA/ICS versus tiotropiumTiotropium/olodaterol versus LABA/ICS
Equal across countriesAnnual total exacerbation rate0.5920.6640.679−0.072+0.015−0.087
Annual severe exacerbation rate0.1280.1480.184−0.020+0.036−0.056
Annual pneumonia rate0.0350.0350.0710.001+0.036−0.035
Life expectancy (years)11.7511.5411.16+0.21−0.38+0.59
FinlandDiscounted QALYs6.1596.0675.9260.092−0.1410.233
Discounted lifetime costs16 92115 91017 497€1011€1587-€576
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio€11 013Dominated*Dominant†
SwedenDiscounted QALYs6.1596.0675.9260.092−0.1410.233
Discounted lifetime costs18 91618 34820 509€568€2161-€1736
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio€6193Dominated*Dominant†
The NetherlandsDiscounted QALYs6.8326.7226.5510.111−0.1710.281
Discounted lifetime costs137 253135 662134 656€1591-€1006€2597
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio€14 398€5,902‡€9243
  • *A treatment is dominated by the comparator, when the treatment results in less health effects and higher costs.

  • †A treatment is dominant versus a comparator when the treatment results in better health effects and savings in costs.

  • ‡ICER should be interpreted as cost saved per QALY lost.

  • ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2 agonist; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.