Lifetime model results (per patient) and cost-effectiveness results
Country | ) Outcome | Tiotropium/ olodaterol | Tiotropium | LABA/ICS | Tiotropium/olodaterol versus tiotropium | LABA/ICS versus tiotropium | Tiotropium/olodaterol versus LABA/ICS |
Equal across countries | Annual total exacerbation rate | 0.592 | 0.664 | 0.679 | −0.072 | +0.015 | −0.087 |
Annual severe exacerbation rate | 0.128 | 0.148 | 0.184 | −0.020 | +0.036 | −0.056 | |
Annual pneumonia rate | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.071 | 0.001 | +0.036 | −0.035 | |
Life expectancy (years) | 11.75 | 11.54 | 11.16 | +0.21 | −0.38 | +0.59 | |
Finland | Discounted QALYs | 6.159 | 6.067 | 5.926 | 0.092 | −0.141 | 0.233 |
Discounted lifetime costs | 16 921 | 15 910 | 17 497 | €1011 | €1587 | -€576 | |
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | €11 013 | Dominated* | Dominant† | ||||
Sweden | Discounted QALYs | 6.159 | 6.067 | 5.926 | 0.092 | −0.141 | 0.233 |
Discounted lifetime costs | 18 916 | 18 348 | 20 509 | €568 | €2161 | -€1736 | |
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | €6193 | Dominated* | Dominant† | ||||
The Netherlands | Discounted QALYs | 6.832 | 6.722 | 6.551 | 0.111 | −0.171 | 0.281 |
Discounted lifetime costs | 137 253 | 135 662 | 134 656 | €1591 | -€1006 | €2597 | |
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | €14 398 | €5,902‡ | €9243 |
*A treatment is dominated by the comparator, when the treatment results in less health effects and higher costs.
†A treatment is dominant versus a comparator when the treatment results in better health effects and savings in costs.
‡ICER should be interpreted as cost saved per QALY lost.
ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2 agonist; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.