Characteristics of officers that were associated with reporting that a universal texting ban was difficult to adjudicate*
| Characteristic | Crude model | Adjusted model | ||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (in years) | ||||
| 18–34 | 1.20 | 0.73 to 1.98 | – | – |
| 35–44 | 1.08 | 0.62 to 1.89 | – | – |
| 45–54 | 1.25 | 0.78 to 2.02 | – | – |
| >55 | 1 | Referent | – | – |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.43 | 0.62 to 3.32 | – | – |
| Female | 1 | Referent | – | – |
| Race | ||||
| White | 1.37 | 0.69 to 2.70 | – | – |
| Other | 1 | Referent | – | – |
| Education | ||||
| High school or equivalency | 0.69 | 0.40 to 1.19 | – | – |
| Associate degree | 1 | 0.58 to 1.74 | – | – |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.01 | 0.55 to 1.84 | – | – |
| Graduate degree | 1 | Referent | – | – |
| Law enforcement experience (in years) | ||||
| <15 | 1.03 | 0.55 to 1.93 | – | – |
| 15–24 | 1.24 | 0.62 to 2.48 | – | – |
| ≥25 | 1 | Referent | – | – |
| State-level universal hand-held cellphone ban in effect | ||||
| Yes | 0.32 | 0.12 to 0.84 | 0.23 | 0.08 to 0.70 |
| No | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| State-level young driver all cellphone bans in effect | ||||
| Yes | 1.10 | 0.27 to 4.58 | 2.73 | 0.59 to 12.69 |
| No | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
*A multilevel logistic regression model which accounted for the correlation of state was used to estimate ORs. The dependent variable was whether or not an officer perceived that universal texting bans were difficult to adjudicate. Separate crude models were run between each characteristic noted and the outcome. Multivariable models were adjusted for confounders of the relationship between statistically significant independent variables (ie, the presence of a universal hand-held ban) and the outcome.