Table 1

Sampling strategy and sample type for each activity of the study

Activity and focus	Data collection methods	Sampling strategy	Respondent group	Sample size
Task review (document how MNCH planning and referral decisions are currently made)	KIIs	Opportunistic/ emergent sampling; snowball sampling	Urban health systems actors National and local government officials NGO programme managers	16
	Desk review	N/A	N/A	N/A
User need and user experience (explore user preferences, task needs and experiences)	IDIs (on user needs)	Opportunistic/ emergent sampling; snowball sampling	Policy makers within the MOHFW Members of the Urban Health Cell of MOLGRDC Managers at City Corporations NGO programme managers	16
Policy engagement (understand interactions between content, context, actors and processes of policy advocacy and entry points for sustainable incorporation of ICT into health systems)	KIIs	Opportunistic/ emergent sampling; snowball sampling	Urban health systems actors National and local government officials NGO programme managers	15
	Desk review (urban health and ICT-related policies)	N/A	N/A	N/A

ICT, information and communications technology; IDI, in-depth interview; KII, key informant interview; MNCH, maternal, newborn and child health; MOHFW, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; MOLGRDC, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives.