Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of participants (who provided cost data) across all cities (total N=2883)
| Chennai (N=1228) | New Delhi (N=1021) | Karachi (N=634) | Total (N=2883) | |
| % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | |
| Age (N=2883) | ||||
| <45 (n=677) | 32.6 (26.1 to 39.7) | 25 (18.9 to 32.3) | 27.3 (17.2 to 40.3) | 28.6 (24.0 to 33.6) |
| 45–59 (n=1319) | 42.9 (36.5 to 49.6) | 50.6 (41.9 to 59.4) | 44.8 (31.7 to 58.7) | 46.2 (40.6 to 52.0) |
| >60 (n=887) | 24.5(19.7 to 30.1) | 24.3 (18.2 to 31.7) | 27.9 (18.4 to 39.9) | 25.2 (21.2 to 29.7) |
| Mean age | 50.5 (49.1 to 52.0) | 52.3 (50.8 to 53.8) | 51.6 (48.9 to 54.3) | 51.4 (50.4 to 52.5) |
| Gender (2883) | ||||
| Male (n=1255) | 41.3 (35.1 to 47.7) | 49.3 (40.5 to 58.1) | 36.6 (25.3 to 49.6) | 43.2 (37.9 to 48.7) |
| Female (n=1628) | 58.7 (52.3 to 64.9) | 50.7 (41.9 to 59.5) | 63.4 (50.4 to 74.7) | 56.8 (51.3 to 62.1) |
| Education (2883) | ||||
| Up to primary schooling (n=671) | 21.6 (18.4 to 25.2) | 14.5 (11.1 to 18.7) | 34 (28.9 to 39.6) | 21.7 (19.3 to 24.3) |
| High school to secondary (n=1727) | 71.1 (67.2 to 74.7) | 51.5 (47.6 to 55.3) | 52.8 (47.6 to 58.0) | 59.6 (57.1 to 62.2) |
| Graduation and above (n=485) | 7.3 (5.5 to 9.6) | 34.1 (29.4 to 39.1) | 13.1 (9.3 to 18.2) | 18.6 (16.0 to 21.6) |
| Employment status (2883) | ||||
| Employed (n=1045) | 37.9 (33.6 to 42.4) | 45.6 (38.8 to 52.6) | 26.6 (19.9 to 34.6) | 38.2 (34.4 to 42.2) |
| Student (n=32) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.7) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.6) | 3 (1.7 to 5.1) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) |
| Housewife (n=1333) | 46.3 (40.9 to 51.9) | 42.1 (34.8 to 49.8) | 50.7 (41.4 to 59.9) | 45.7 (41.2 to 50.3) |
| Retired (n=307) | 7.3 (5.3 to 9.9) | 9.8 (6.9 to 13.6) | 10.7 (6.7 to 16.8) | 9 (7.2 to 11.1) |
| Unemployed (n=166) | 7 (4.9 to 9.8) | 2 (1.2 to 3.1) | 9 (6.5 to 12.3) | 5.5 (4.4 to 7.0) |
| Occupation (2883) | ||||
| Not working (n=1838) | 62.1 (57.6 to 66.4) | 54.4 (47.4 to 61.2) | 73.4 (65.4 to 80.1) | 61.8 (57.8 to 65.6) |
| Semiskilled/unskilled (n=353) | 19.2 (16.2 to 22.7) | 8.6 (6.2 to 11.9) | 9.5 (6.8 to 13.2) | 13.1 (11.1 to 15.3) |
| Trained/skilled (n=587) | 17.7 (14.7 to 21.2) | 28.8 (24.2 to 33.9) | 14.2 (9.9 to 19.8) | 21.1 (18.4 to 24.0) |
| White collar (n=105) | 1 (0.5 to 1.7) | 8.2 (5.7 to 11.6) | 2.9 (1.6 to 5.2) | 4.1 (3.0 to 5.5) |
| Wealth index (2883) | ||||
| 1 (n=637) | 35.3 (31.1 to 39.7) | 12.7 (9.6 to 16.8) | 9.9 (8.1 to 12.1) | 21.2 (18.5 to 24.1) |
| 2 (n=960) | 38.6 (34.6 to 42.7) | 19.2 (16.0 to 22.8) | 41.7 (36.2 to 47.3) | 32 (29.4 to 34.7) |
| 3 (n=1286) | 26.1 (22.9 to 29.6) | 68.1 (62.3 to 73.3) | 48.4 (42.4 to 54.4) | 46.8 (43.1 to 50.6) |
| Marital status (2883) | ||||
| Single (n=49) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 1 (0.5 to 1.7) | 3 (1.7 to 5.2) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) |
| Married (n=2517) | 91 (88.5 to 93.0) | 88.9 (86.3 to 91.1) | 83.4 (79.2 to 86.9) | 88.5 (86.7 to 90.1) |
| Widow/widower (n=303) | 7.2 (5.3 to 9.7) | 9.9 (7.9 to 12.4) | 13.4 (10.0 to 17.8) | 9.6 (8.1 to 11.3) |
| Separated/divorced (n=14) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.2 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) |