Table 4

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression for distress financing

	Univariate analysis	P value*	Multivariate analysis	P value
	OR (95% CI)	P value*	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age (years) (2883)
<45 (n=677)	Ref		Ref
45–59 (n=1319)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	0.5	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	0.33
>60 (n=887)	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	0.006	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	0.21
Gender (2866)
Male (n=1245)	Ref		Ref
Female (n=1621)	8.2 (6.4–10.5)	<0.001	4.4 (2.8–7.1)	<0.001
Education (2870)
Up to primary schooling (n=671)	3.1 (2.2–4.4)	<0.001	1.3 (0.8–1.9)	0.14
High school to secondary (n=1715)	1.7 (1.3–2.4)	0.001	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	0.21
Graduation and above (n=484)	Ref		Ref
Employment status (2866)
Employed (1038)	Ref		Ref
Student (32)	10.3 (4.6–23.2)	<0.001	8.9 (2.6–30.1)	<0.001
Housewife (1327)	11.9 (8.8–16.2)	<0.001	6.6 (2.6–17.0)	<0.001
Retired (302)	3.1 (2.2–4.6)	<0.001	5.5 (2.1–14)	<0.001
Unemployed (167)	8.2 (5.1–13.2)	<0.001	10.7 (3.7–30.8)	<0.001
Occupation among employed (2866)
Not working (n=1828)	15.3 (6.6–35)	<0.001	Omitted because of collinearity
Semiskilled/unskilled (n=351)	2.1 (0.9–5.2)	0.1	2.1 (0.8–6)	0.10
Trained/skilled (n=582)	1.4 (0.6–3.4)	0.4	1.5 (0.6–3.6)	0.50
White collar (n=105)	Ref		Ref
Wealth index (2866)
1 (n=631)	Ref		Not included in the model
2 (n=955)	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	0.14
3 (n=1280)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	0.4
Marital status (2866)
Single (n=49)	Ref		Ref
Married (n=2503)	1.9 (0.9–3.9)	0.08	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	0.38
Widow/widower (n=300)	4.2 (1.9–9)	<0.001	1.8 (0.9–3.8)	0.12
Separated/divorced (n=14)	5.9 (1.5–23.5)	0.012	1.6 (0.7–3.4)	0.28
City (2866)
Chennai (n=1217)	Ref		Ref
New Delhi (n=1018)	1.4 (1.04–2)	<0.001	2.4 (1.0–20.7)	<0.001
Karachi (n=631)	2.1 (1.6–2.8)	<0.001	2.2 (1.7–2.7)	<0.001
Insurance (2865)
Yes (100)	Ref		Ref
No (2765)	7.2 (3.5–14.9)	<0.001	8.1 (3.8–17.1)	<0.001

*Χ² test.