Number of events, crude event rates (per 1000), crude IRRs and adjusted HRs for the four outcomes and each of the AEDs studied—main analysis
| Events | Crude event rates | IRR | HR (95% CI) | |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | ||||
| Lamotrigine | 51 | 4.9 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 13 | 7.0 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) |
| Clonazepam | 28 | 5.1 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.1) |
| Gabapentin | 4 | 3.1 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.3) |
| Levetiracetam | 8 | 3.7 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.6) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) |
| Oxcarbazepine | 3 | 5.6 | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.7) | 0.8 (0.2 to 3.2) |
| Pregabalin | 28 | 5.0 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) |
| Topiramate | 7 | 4.1 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.9) |
| Valproic acid | 50 | 13.5 | 2.7 (1.9 to 4.0) | 2.7 (1.8 to 4.0) |
| Pervasive developmental disorders | ||||
| Lamotrigine | 11 | 1.1 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 3 | 1.6 | 1.5 (0.4 to 5.4) | 1.3 (0.3 to 5.0) |
| Clonazepam | 8 | 1.4 | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.4) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) |
| Gabapentin | 3 | 2.3 | 2.2 (0.6 to 7.9) | 1.8 (0.4 to 7.0) |
| Levetiracetam | 4 | 1.8 | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.5) | 1.6 (0.5 to 5.4) |
| Oxcarbazepine | 1 | 1.9 | 1.8 (0.2 to 13.6) | 2.0 (0.3 to 13.8) |
| Pregabalin | 7 | 1.2 | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.1) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.0) |
| Topiramate | 1 | 0.6 | 0.6 (0.1 to 4.3) | 0.3 (0.0 to 4.9) |
| Valproic acid | 17 | 4.5 | 4.3 (2.0 to 9.1) | 4.4 (2.1 to 9.3) |
| Mental retardation | ||||
| Lamotrigine | 15 | 1.4 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 2 | 1.1 | 0.7 (0.2 to 3.2) | 0.6 (0.1 to 2.9) |
| Clonazepam | 3 | 0.5 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.3) | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) |
| Gabapentin | 0 | 0.0 | N/A | N/A |
| Levetiracetam | 1 | 0.5 | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.4) | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.5) |
| Oxcarbazepine | 0 | 0.0 | N/A | N/A |
| Pregabalin | 7 | 1.2 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.8) |
| Topiramate | 2 | 1.2 | 0.8 (0.2 to 3.5) | 0.5 (0.1 to 3.3) |
| Valproic acid | 15 | 4.0 | 2.8 (1.3 to 5.6) | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.2) |
| Visits to a speech therapist | ||||
| Lamotrigine | 157 | 15.2 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 31 | 16.7 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Clonazepam | 97 | 17.7 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) |
| Gabapentin | 11 | 8.5 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) |
| Levetiracetam | 22 | 10.2 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Oxcarbazepine | 13 | 24.6 | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.9) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) |
| Pregabalin | 61 | 11.0 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) |
| Topiramate | 33 | 19.4 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) |
| Valproic acid | 93 | 25.1 | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) |
Lines marked in bold correspond to HRs for which the 95% CI does not include 1.
AED, antiepileptic drug; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio; N/A, not applicable.