EXVITD study eligibility criteria*
| Inclusion criteria | Aged ≥65 years |
| Ambulatory (with or without walking aids) | |
| Living independently or within sheltered housing accommodation | |
| Exclusion criteria | History of myocardial infarction within previous 2 years |
| Cardiac illness: moderate/severe aortic stenosis, acute pericarditis, acute myocarditis, aneurysm, severe angina, clinically significant valvular disease, uncontrolled dysrhythmia, claudication within the previous 10 years; thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus within the previous 2 years | |
| History of cerebrovascular disease (cerebrovascular accidentor transient ischaemic attack) within the previous 2 years | |
| Acute febrile illness within the previous 3 months | |
| Severe airflow obstruction; uncontrolled metabolic disease (eg, thyroid disease or cancer) | |
| Significant emotional distress, psychotic illness or depression within the previous 2 years | |
| Lower limb fracture sustained within the previous 2 years/upper limb fracture within the previous 6 months | |
| Non-arthroscopic lower limb joint surgery within the previous 2 years | |
| Any reason for loss of mobility for greater than 1 week in the previous 2 months or greater than 2 weeks in the previous 6 months | |
| Resting systolic pressure >200 mm Hg or resting diastolic pressure >100 mm Hg | |
| Poorly controlled atrial fibrillation; poor (chronic) pain control | |
| Moderate/severe cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score <23) | |
| Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D3 <30 nmol/L); current antiresorptive/anabolic treatment for osteoporosis | |
| Treatment with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in the past 2 years | |
| Current use of glucocorticoids; known primary hyperparathyroidism | |
| Renal impairment (stage 4 or 5) |
*Based on previously published criteria of exercise studies with older adults.44