Table 2

High burnout outcomes associated with shift work characteristics in police (n=3140)

Shift work characteristic, n*†	Positive result in police with burnout, no./no. total (%)		Unadjusted		Adjusted‡
Shift work characteristic, n*†	Positive result in police with burnout, no./no. total (%)		OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
	High EE	Low–moderate EE
Night shift frequency
Never/nearly never	290/734 (39.5)	935/2220 (42.1)
1–4 per month	154/734 (21.0)	435/2220 (19.6)	1.14 (0.91 to 1.43)	0.252	1.13 (0.90 to 1.43)	0.292
1–4 per week	141/734 (19.2)	411/2220 (18.5)	1.11 (0.88 to 1.40)	0.395	1.06 (0.84 to 1.35)	0.628
Nearly every day	149/734 (20.3)	439/2220 (19.8)	1.09 (0.87 to 1.37)	0.438	1.12 (0.88 to 1.41)	0.363
N	2954
Long work shifts per week (≥11 hours)
0	69/575 (12.0)	296/1719 (17.2)
>0 to <2	255/575 (44.3)	732/1719 (42.6)	1.49 (1.11 to 2.01)	0.008	1.48 (1.09 to 2.02)	0.013
≥2 to <4	123/575 (21.4)	355/1719 (20.7)	1.49 (1.07 to 2.07)	0.020	1.49 (1.05 to 2.11)	0.024
≥4	128/575 (22.3)	336/1719 (19.5)	1.63 (1.17 to 2.28)	0.004	1.91 (1.35 to 2.72)	<0.001
N	2294
Long work weeks
<48 hours	417/731 (40.9)	1303/2204 (59.1)
≥48 hours	314/731 (43.0)	901/2204 (40.9)	1.09 (0.92 to 1.29)	0.324	1.14 (0.96 to 1.36)	0.141
N	2935
Mandatory overtime
No	305/653 (46.7)	1056/1911 (55.3)
Yes	348/653 (53.3)	855/1911 (44.7)	1.41 (1.18 to 1.68)	<0.001	1.37 (1.14 to 1.65)	0.001
N	2564
Voluntary overtime
No	306/646 (47.4)	881/1935 (45.5)
Yes	340/646 (52.6)	1054/1935 (54.5)	0.93 (0.78 to 1.11)	0.417	0.94 (0.78 to 1.12)	0.475
N	2581
Any overtime (mandatory or voluntary)
No	143/618 (23.1)	487/1799 (27.1)
Yes	475/618 (76.9)	1312/1799 (72.9)	1.23 (1.00 to 1.53)	0.055	1.21 (0.97 to 1.50)	0.095
N	2417
	High DP	Low-moderate DP
Night shift frequency
Never/nearly never	481/1320 (36.4)	771/1700 (45.4)
1–4 per month	285/1320 (21.6)	316/1700 (18.6)	1.45 (1.19 to 1.76)	<0.001	1.21 (0.96 to 1.51)	0.101
1–4 per week	254/1320 (19.2)	314/1700 (18.5)	1.30 (1.06 to 1.86)	0.011	1.07 (0.84 to 1.35)	0.592
Nearly every day	300/1320 (22.7)	299/1700 (17.6)	1.61 (1.32 to 1.96)	<0.001	1.32 (1.05 to 1.66)	0.018
N	3020
Long work shifts per week (≥11 hours)
0	151/1027 (14.7)	226/1316 (17.2)
>0 to <2	476/1027 (46.3)	535/1316 (40.7)	1.33 (1.05 to 1.69)	0.019	1.20 (0.93 to 1.54)	0.157
≥2 to <4	218/1027 (21.2)	268/1316 (20.4)	1.22 (0.93 to 1.60)	0.157	1.09 (0.81 to 1.45)	0.578
≥4	182/1027 (17.7)	287/1316 (21.8)	0.95 (0.72 to 1.25)	0.712	0.96 (0.71 to 1.29)	0.804
N	2343
Long work weeks
<48 hours	789/1325 (59.5)	976/1674 (58.3)
≥48 hours	536/1325 (40.5)	698/1674 (41.7)	0.95 (0.82 to 1.10)	0.492	0.98 (0.83 to 1.15)	0.779
N	2999
Mandatory overtime
No	568/1199 (47.4)	814/1424 (57.2)
Yes	631/1199 (52.6)	610/1424 (42.8)	1.48 (1.27 to 1.73)	<0.001	1.24 (1.04 to 1.47)	0.014
N	2623
Voluntary overtime
No	521/1196 (43.6)	694/1444 (48.1)
Yes	675/1196 (56.4)	750/1444 (51.9)	1.20 (1.03 to 1.40)	0.021	1.19 (1.02 to 1.40)	0.030
N	2640
Any overtime (mandatory or voluntary)
No	235/1130 (20.8)	406/1345 (30.2)
Yes	895/1130 (79.2)	939/1345 (69.8)	1.65 (1.37 to 1.98)	<0.001	1.45 (1.20 to 1.76)	<0.001
N	2475

Shift work characteristic, n*†	Positive result in police with high burnout, no./no. total (%) Unadjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted‡
Shift work characteristic, n*†			OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
	Low PA	Moderate–high PA
Night shift frequency
Never/nearly never	532/1259 (42.3)	676/1674 (40.4)
1–4 per month	247/1259 (19.6)	329/1674 (19.7)	0.95 (0.78 to 1.17)	0.645	0.94 (0.76 to 1.15)	0.544
1–4 per week	220/1259 (17.5)	341/1674 (20.4)	0.82 (0.67 to 1.01)	0.056	0.79 (0.64 to 0.98)	0.029
Nearly every day	260/1259 (20.7)	328/1674 (19.6)	1.01 (0.83 to 1.23)	0.943	0.92 (0.75 to 1.12)	0.401
N	2933
Long work shifts per week (≥11 hours)
0	167/962 (17.4)	201/1314 (15.3)
>0 to <2	426/962 (44.3)	557/1314 (42.4)	0.92 (0.72 to 1.17)	0.500	0.90 (0.69 to 1.16)	0.399
≥2 to <4	193/962 (20.1)	280/1314 (21.3)	0.83 (0.63 to 1.09)	0.183	0.84 (0.63 to 1.12)	0.234
≥4	176/962 (18.3)	276/1314 (21.0)	0.77 (0.58 to1.02)	0.063	0.77 (0.57 to 1.04)	0.085
N	2276
Long work weeks
<48 hours	770/1248 (61.7)	952/1670 (57.0)
≥48 hours	478/1248 (38.3)	718/1670 (43.0)	0.82 (0.71 to 0.96)	0.011	0.83 (0.71 to 0.97)	0.017
N	2918
Mandatory overtime
No	562/1092 (51.5)	781/1463 (53.4)
Yes	530/1092 (48.5)	682/1463 (46.6)	1.08 (0.92 to 1.26)	0.337	1.01 (0.86 to 1.18)	0.935
N	2555
Voluntary overtime
No	524/1093 (47.9)	660/1478 (47.9)
Yes	569/1093 (52.1)	818/1478 (55.3)	0.88 (0.75 to 1.03)	0.098	0.89 (0.76 to 1.05)	0.156
N	2571
Any overtime (mandatory or voluntary)
No	263/1030 (25.5)	357/1379 (25.9)
Yes	767/1030 (74.5)	1022/1379 (74.5)	1.02 (0.85 to 1.23)	0.844	0.96 (0.80 to 1.17)	0.704
N	2409
	Overall burnout	No overall burnout
Night shift frequency
Never/nearly never	202/545 (37.1)	1085/2547 (42.6)
1–4 per month	121/545 (22.2)	489/2547 (19.2)	1.32 (1.04 to 1.71)	0.025	1.25 (0.97 to 1.61)	0.092
1–4 per week	110/545 (20.2)	473/2547 (18.6)	1.25 (0.97 to 1.61)	0.089	1.11 (0.85 to 1.14)	0.449
Nearly every day	112/545 (20.6)	500/2547 (19.6)	1.20 (0.93 to 1.55)	0.154	1.12 (0.86 to 1.45)	0.407
N	3092
Long work shifts per week (≥11 hours)
0	51/426 (12.0)	338/1967 (17.2)
>0 -<2	191/426 (44.8)	835/1967 (42.5)	1.52 (1.09 to 2.12)	0.015	1.44 (1.02 to 2.02)	0.038
≥2 -<4	88/426 (20.7)	408/1967 (20.7)	1.43 (0.98 to 2.08)	0.061	1.36 (0.93 to 2.00)	0.116
≥4	96/426 (22.5)	386/1967 (19.6)	1.65 (1.14 to 2.39)	0.008	1.78 (1.21 to 2.61)	0.003
N	2393
Long work weeks
<48 hours	309/547 (56.5)	1503/2524 (59.5)
≥48 hours	238/547 (43.5)	1021/2524 (40.5)	1.13 (0.94 to 1.37)	0.188	1.13 (0.94 to 1.37)	0.201
N	3071
Mandatory overtime
No	222/496 (44.8)	1196/2178 (54.9)
Yes	274/496 (55.2)	982/2178 (45.1)	1.50 (1.24 to 1.83)	<0.001	1.40 (1.14 to 1.71)	0.001
N	2674
Voluntary overtime
No	225/489 (46.0)	1016/2201 (46.2)
Yes	264/489 (54.0)	1185/2201 (53.8)	1.01 (0.83 to 1.23)	0.952	1.01 (0.83 to 1.24)	0.910
N	2690
Any overtime (mandatory or voluntary)
No	97/471 (20.6)	564/2048 (27.5)
Yes	374/471 (79.4)	1484/2048 (72/5)	1.56 (1.31 to 1.87)	<0.001	1.37 (1.06 to 1.75)	0.014
N	2519

*The n presented represents the sample for each unadjusted analysis. The n for the adjusted analyses are in online supplementary file 1, table S6.
†Some participants did not provide sufficient information from which to determine their shift work characteristics. The n presented are from those who answered sufficiently.
‡Adjusted for age, BMI, gender, marital status, hypertension, cigarette use, caffeine use, alcohol, second job, primary activity, years as police officer, exercise frequency and seniority. Variables included in each model are in online supplementary file 1, table S6, and model fit is reported in online supplementary file 1, table S7.
BMI, body mass index; DP, depersonalisation;EE, emotional exhaustion; PA, personal accomplishment.