Table 4

Citizens’ prevalence of Homelessness according to sociodemographic characteristics (weighted study population): univariate and multivariate results for each sociodemographic effect

Prevalence	‘No’ to lifetime HMLN n=4713	‘Yes’ to lifetime HMLN n=239†	Bivariate analysis	Multivariate analysis	‘No’ to 5 years HMLN n=4848	‘Yes’ to 5 years HMLN n=89†	Bivariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
Prevalence	‘No’ to lifetime HMLN n=4713	‘Yes’ to lifetime HMLN n=239†	P value‡	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	‘No’ to 5 years HMLN n=4848	‘Yes’ to 5 years HMLN n=89†	P value‡	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age
18–24 years	4.8	95.2	<0.001*	0.4 (0.1 to 1.2)	3.7	96.3	<0.001*	1.3 (0.5 to 3.7)
25–34 years	4.3	95.7	<0.001*	0.6 (0.2 to 1.5)	2.0	98.0	<0.001*	0.9 (0.4 to 1.7)
35–44 years	5.7	94.3	<0.001*	0.7 (0.3 to 1.7)	2.7	97.3	<0.001*	0.9 (0.4 to 2.3)
45–54 years	9.0	91.0	Ref	Ref	3.2	96.8	Ref	Ref
55–64 years	5.4	94.6	<0.001*	0.7 (0.3 to 1.5)	1.4	98.6	<0.001*	0.5 (0.2 to 1.6)
65–74 years	2.9	97.1	<0.001*	0.3 (0.2 to 0.6)	0.3	99.7	<0.001*	0.1 (0.01 to 1.1)
75 years or more	1.5	98.5	<0.001*	0.06 (0.01 to 0.3)	0.6	99.4	<0.001*	7.2.10 ^-8 (2.3.10 ^-8 to 2.3.10 ^-7 )
Sex
Man	6.9	93.1	< 0.001	2.6 (2.0 to 3.3)	2.6	97.4	< 0.001	1.9 (1.5 to 2.5)
Woman	3.2	96.8	Ref	Ref	1.3	98.7	Ref	Ref
Nationality
European	4.8	95.2	Ref	Ref	1.9	98.1	Ref	Ref
Non-European	10.2	89.8	< 0.001	0.5 (0.2 to 1.1)	4.9	95.1	< 0.001	0.7 (0.3 to 1.4)
Educational attainment
Lower secondary	7.1	92.9	<0.001*	1.8 (1.0 to 3.5)	2.3	97.7	<0.001*	0.8 (0.2 to 3.8)
Upper secondary or vocational	4.8	95.2	<0.001*	1.7 (1.2 to 2.5)	1.8	98.2	<0.001*	1.1 (0.5 to 2.2)
University degree	3.3	96.7	Ref	Ref	1.6	98.4	Ref	Ref
Marital status
Single/divorced/widowed	6.7	93.3	<0.001*	2.1 (1.3 to 3.1)	2.4	97.6	<0.001*	2.0 (0.7 to 5.7)
Married/civil§	3.7	96.3	Ref	Ref	1.6	98.4	Ref	Ref
Working status
Employed¶	4.3	95.7	Ref	Ref	1.7	98.3	Ref	Ref
Unemployed**	5.5	94.5	<0.001*	1.7 (1.0 to 2.8)	2.0	98.0	<0.001*	1.1 (0.2 to 7.1)
Living area
Rural	2.7	97.3	Ref	Ref	0.9	99.1	Ref	Ref
Semiurban	3.9	96.1	<0.001*	1.2 (0.6 to 2.5)	1.5	98.5	<0.001*	0.9 (0.2 to 3.2)
Urban	6.3	93.7	<0.001*	1.7 (1.1 to 2.6)	2.4	97.6	<0.001*	1.6 (0.2 to 12.5)
Relatives or relationship ever been homeless
Yes	14.8	85.2	< 0.001	4.0 (2.5 to 6.6)	5.0	95.0	< 0.001	2.5 (1.3 to 4.5)
No	3.6	96.4	Ref	Ref	1.5	98.5	Ref	Ref
Country
FR	1.9	98.1	Ref	Ref	1.0	99.0	Ref	Ref
IR	1.7	98.3	<0.001*	0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)	0.4	99.6	<0.001*	0.09 (0.08 to 0.11)
IT	5.4	94.6	<0.001*	2.3 (1.9 to 2.9)	2.4	97.6	<0.001*	2.4 (2.0 to 2.9)
NL	4.5	95.5	<0.001*	2.1 (1.9 to 2.2)	1.1	98.9	<0.001*	1 (0.8 to 1.2)
PL	3.1	96.9	<0.001*	1.1 (0.9 to 1.2)	0.8	99.2	<0.001*	0.17 (0.15 to 0.19)
PT	4.6	95.4	<0.001*	2.2 (1.9 to 2.5)	0.6	99.4	<0.001*	0.5 (0.4 to 0.6)
SE	6.2	93.8	<0.001*	2.4 (2.1 to 2.9)	3.1	96.9	<0.001*	2.5 (2.3 to 2.6)
SP	12.6	87.4	<0.001*	5.0 (4.5 to 5.6)	6.2	93.7	<0.001*	4.4 (3.6 to 5.4)

Satistically significant associations are reported in bold
*Country x sociodemographic variable interaction being significant.
†This smaller sample size than overall prevalence is due to missing values for some of the sociodemographic variables (mainly working status). This smaller sample size was considered for the multivariate analysis. For bivariate analysis, the sample size was dependent on the absence of missing data.
‡GLMs using a quasi-binomial distribution, adjusting for clusters (ie, countries) and country x sociodemographic variable interaction.
§Marital status: married or in civil union.
¶Employed status: full time or part time.
**Unemployed status: included retired status and other non-working status.
.FR, France;GLM, generalised linear model; HMLN, homelessness; IR, Ireland; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; PL, Poland; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; SP, Spain.