Citizens’ prevalence of Homelessness according to sociodemographic characteristics (weighted study population): univariate and multivariate results for each sociodemographic effect
Prevalence | ‘No’ to lifetime HMLN n=4713 | ‘Yes’ to lifetime HMLN n=239† | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ‘No’ to 5 years HMLN n=4848 | ‘Yes’ to 5 years HMLN n=89† | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysis |
P value‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||||
Age | ||||||||
18–24 years | 4.8 | 95.2 | <0.001* | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.2) | 3.7 | 96.3 | <0.001* | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.7) |
25–34 years | 4.3 | 95.7 | <0.001* | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.5) | 2.0 | 98.0 | <0.001* | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.7) |
35–44 years | 5.7 | 94.3 | <0.001* | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.7) | 2.7 | 97.3 | <0.001* | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3) |
45–54 years | 9.0 | 91.0 | Ref | Ref | 3.2 | 96.8 | Ref | Ref |
55–64 years | 5.4 | 94.6 | <0.001* | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | 1.4 | 98.6 | <0.001* | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.6) |
65–74 years | 2.9 | 97.1 | <0.001* | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.6) | 0.3 | 99.7 | <0.001* | 0.1 (0.01 to 1.1) |
75 years or more | 1.5 | 98.5 | <0.001* | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.3) | 0.6 | 99.4 | <0.001* | 7.2.10 -8 (2.3.10 -8 to 2.3.10 -7 ) |
Sex | ||||||||
Man | 6.9 | 93.1 | < 0.001 | 2.6 (2.0 to 3.3) | 2.6 | 97.4 | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.5) |
Woman | 3.2 | 96.8 | Ref | Ref | 1.3 | 98.7 | Ref | Ref |
Nationality | ||||||||
European | 4.8 | 95.2 | Ref | Ref | 1.9 | 98.1 | Ref | Ref |
Non-European | 10.2 | 89.8 | < 0.001 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 4.9 | 95.1 | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.4) |
Educational attainment | ||||||||
Lower secondary | 7.1 | 92.9 | <0.001* | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.5) | 2.3 | 97.7 | <0.001* | 0.8 (0.2 to 3.8) |
Upper secondary or vocational | 4.8 | 95.2 | <0.001* | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) | 1.8 | 98.2 | <0.001* | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.2) |
University degree | 3.3 | 96.7 | Ref | Ref | 1.6 | 98.4 | Ref | Ref |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single/divorced/widowed | 6.7 | 93.3 | <0.001* | 2.1 (1.3 to 3.1) | 2.4 | 97.6 | <0.001* | 2.0 (0.7 to 5.7) |
Married/civil§ | 3.7 | 96.3 | Ref | Ref | 1.6 | 98.4 | Ref | Ref |
Working status | ||||||||
Employed¶ | 4.3 | 95.7 | Ref | Ref | 1.7 | 98.3 | Ref | Ref |
Unemployed** | 5.5 | 94.5 | <0.001* | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.8) | 2.0 | 98.0 | <0.001* | 1.1 (0.2 to 7.1) |
Living area | ||||||||
Rural | 2.7 | 97.3 | Ref | Ref | 0.9 | 99.1 | Ref | Ref |
Semiurban | 3.9 | 96.1 | <0.001* | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5) | 1.5 | 98.5 | <0.001* | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.2) |
Urban | 6.3 | 93.7 | <0.001* | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) | 2.4 | 97.6 | <0.001* | 1.6 (0.2 to 12.5) |
Relatives or relationship ever been homeless | ||||||||
Yes | 14.8 | 85.2 | < 0.001 | 4.0 (2.5 to 6.6) | 5.0 | 95.0 | < 0.001 | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.5) |
No | 3.6 | 96.4 | Ref | Ref | 1.5 | 98.5 | Ref | Ref |
Country | ||||||||
FR | 1.9 | 98.1 | Ref | Ref | 1.0 | 99.0 | Ref | Ref |
IR | 1.7 | 98.3 | <0.001* | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.4 | 99.6 | <0.001* | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.11) |
IT | 5.4 | 94.6 | <0.001* | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.9) | 2.4 | 97.6 | <0.001* | 2.4 (2.0 to 2.9) |
NL | 4.5 | 95.5 | <0.001* | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.2) | 1.1 | 98.9 | <0.001* | 1 (0.8 to 1.2) |
PL | 3.1 | 96.9 | <0.001* | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.8 | 99.2 | <0.001* | 0.17 (0.15 to 0.19) |
PT | 4.6 | 95.4 | <0.001* | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.5) | 0.6 | 99.4 | <0.001* | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) |
SE | 6.2 | 93.8 | <0.001* | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.9) | 3.1 | 96.9 | <0.001* | 2.5 (2.3 to 2.6) |
SP | 12.6 | 87.4 | <0.001* | 5.0 (4.5 to 5.6) | 6.2 | 93.7 | <0.001* | 4.4 (3.6 to 5.4) |
Satistically significant associations are reported in bold
*Country x sociodemographic variable interaction being significant.
†This smaller sample size than overall prevalence is due to missing values for some of the sociodemographic variables (mainly working status). This smaller sample size was considered for the multivariate analysis. For bivariate analysis, the sample size was dependent on the absence of missing data.
‡GLMs using a quasi-binomial distribution, adjusting for clusters (ie, countries) and country x sociodemographic variable interaction.
§Marital status: married or in civil union.
¶Employed status: full time or part time.
**Unemployed status: included retired status and other non-working status.
.FR, France;GLM, generalised linear model; HMLN, homelessness; IR, Ireland; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; PL, Poland; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; SP, Spain.