Table 4

Citizens’ prevalence of Homelessness according to sociodemographic characteristics (weighted study population): univariate and multivariate results for each sociodemographic effect

Prevalence‘No’ to lifetime HMLN n=4713‘Yes’ to lifetime HMLN n=239†Bivariate analysisMultivariate analysis‘No’ to
5 years HMLN n=4848
‘Yes’ to
5 years HMLN n=89†
Bivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
P value‡Adjusted OR (95% CI)P value‡Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age
 18–24 years4.895.2 <0.001* 0.4 (0.1 to 1.2)3.796.3 <0.001* 1.3 (0.5 to 3.7)
 25–34 years4.395.7 <0.001* 0.6 (0.2 to 1.5)2.098.0 <0.001* 0.9 (0.4 to 1.7)
 35–44 years5.794.3 <0.001* 0.7 (0.3 to 1.7)2.797.3 <0.001* 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3)
 45–54 years9.091.0 Ref Ref 3.296.8 Ref Ref
 55–64 years5.494.6 <0.001* 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5)1.498.6 <0.001* 0.5 (0.2 to 1.6)
 65–74 years2.997.1 <0.001* 0.3 (0.2 to 0.6) 0.399.7 <0.001* 0.1 (0.01 to 1.1)
 75 years or more1.598.5 <0.001* 0.06 (0.01 to 0.3) 0.699.4 <0.001* 7.2.10 -8 (2.3.10 -8 to 2.3.10 -7 )
Sex
 Man6.993.1 < 0.001 2.6 (2.0 to 3.3) 2.697.4 < 0.001 1.9 (1.5 to 2.5)
 Woman3.296.8 Ref Ref 1.398.7 Ref Ref
Nationality
 European4.895.2 Ref Ref1.998.1 Ref Ref
 Non-European10.289.8 < 0.001 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1)4.995.1 < 0.001 0.7 (0.3 to 1.4)
Educational attainment
 Lower secondary7.192.9 <0.001* 1.8 (1.0 to 3.5) 2.397.7 <0.001* 0.8 (0.2 to 3.8)
 Upper secondary or vocational4.895.2 <0.001* 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) 1.898.2 <0.001* 1.1 (0.5 to 2.2)
 University degree3.396.7 Ref Ref 1.698.4 Ref Ref
Marital status
 Single/divorced/widowed6.793.3 <0.001* 2.1 (1.3 to 3.1) 2.497.6 <0.001* 2.0 (0.7 to 5.7)
 Married/civil§3.796.3RefRef1.698.4RefRef
Working status
 Employed¶4.395.7Ref Ref 1.798.3RefRef
 Unemployed**5.594.5 <0.001* 1.7 (1.0 to 2.8) 2.098.0 <0.001* 1.1 (0.2 to 7.1)
 Living area
 Rural2.797.3RefRef0.999.1RefRef
 Semiurban3.996.1 <0.001* 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5)1.598.5 <0.001* 0.9 (0.2 to 3.2)
 Urban6.393.7 <0.001* 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) 2.497.6 <0.001* 1.6 (0.2 to 12.5)
Relatives or relationship ever been homeless
 Yes14.885.2 < 0.001 4.0 (2.5 to 6.6) 5.095.0 < 0.001 2.5 (1.3 to 4.5)
 No3.696.4 Ref Ref 1.598.5 Ref Ref
Country
 FR1.998.1 Ref Ref 1.099.0 Ref Ref
 IR1.798.3 <0.001* 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) 0.499.6 <0.001* 0.09 (0.08 to 0.11)
 IT5.494.6 <0.001* 2.3 (1.9 to 2.9) 2.497.6 <0.001* 2.4 (2.0 to 2.9)
 NL4.595.5 <0.001* 2.1 (1.9 to 2.2) 1.198.9 <0.001* 1 (0.8 to 1.2)
 PL3.196.9 <0.001* 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2)0.899.2 <0.001* 0.17 (0.15 to 0.19)
 PT4.695.4 <0.001* 2.2 (1.9 to 2.5) 0.699.4 <0.001* 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6)
 SE6.293.8 <0.001* 2.4 (2.1 to 2.9) 3.196.9 <0.001* 2.5 (2.3 to 2.6)
 SP12.687.4 <0.001* 5.0 (4.5 to 5.6) 6.293.7 <0.001* 4.4 (3.6 to 5.4)
  • Satistically significant associations are reported in bold

  • *Country x sociodemographic variable interaction being significant.

  • †This smaller sample size than overall prevalence is due to missing values for some of the sociodemographic variables (mainly working status). This smaller sample size was considered for the multivariate analysis. For bivariate analysis, the sample size was dependent on the absence of missing data.

  • ‡GLMs using a quasi-binomial distribution, adjusting for clusters (ie, countries) and country x sociodemographic variable interaction.

  • §Marital status: married or in civil union.

  • ¶Employed status: full time or part time.

  • **Unemployed status: included retired status and other non-working status.

  • .FR, France;GLM, generalised linear model; HMLN, homelessness; IR, Ireland; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; PL, Poland; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; SP, Spain.