Characteristics of study participants
| Total (n=5379) | Women (n=2775) | Men (n=2604) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 62 (10) | 62 (10) | 62 (10) | 0.67 |
| Age, years | ||||
| <65, n (%) | 3013 (56) | 1559 (56) | 1454 (56) | 0.80 |
| ≥65, n (%) | 2366 (44) | 1216 (44) | 1150 (44) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White, n (%) | 2150 (40) | 1092 (39) | 1058 (41) | |
| Chinese–American, n (%) | 733 (14) | 372 (13) | 361 (14) | 0.17 |
| Black, n (%) | 1253 (23) | 681 (25) | 572 (22) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 1243 (23) | 630 (23) | 613 (24) | |
| Education | ||||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 1929 (36) | 824 (30) | 1105 (42) | <0.001 |
| <Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 3450 (64) | 1951 (70) | 1499 (58) | |
| Income | ||||
| ≥$40 000, n (%) | 2648 (49) | 1162 (42) | 1486 (57) | <0.001 |
| <$40 000, n (%) | 2731 (51) | 1613 (58) | 1118 (43) | |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 4871 (91) | 2511 (90) | 2360 (90) | 0.86 |
| No, n (%) | 508 (9) | 264 (10) | 244 (10) | |
| Biomarkers, mean (95% CI) | ||||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.8) | 4.5 (4.2, 4.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 0.37 (0.34, 0.39) | 0.38 (0.35, 0.41) | 0.35 (0.32, 0.39) | 0.29 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 345.2 (343.2, 347.1) | 358.0 (355.2,360.8) | 331.5 (328.8, 334.1) | <0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 9.3 (9.2, 9.4) | 8.7 (8.6, 8.8) | 10.0 (9.9, 10.1) | <0.001 |
| hs-cardiac troponin T (ng/L) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4) | 8.1 (7.7, 8.5) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 100.8 (94.2, 107.4) | 114.0 (108.1, 119.8) | 86.8 (74.8, 98.9) | <0.001 |
| *IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.5 (1.5, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 0.002 |
| LS7 metrics | ||||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 671 (12) | 303 (11) | 368 (14) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 (5) | 29 (6) | 28 (4) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 401 (589) | 338 (490) | 468 (672) | <0.001 |
| Healthy diet score (0–5) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194 (36) | 200 (36) | 189 (35) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126 (21) | 127 (23) | 125 (19) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72 (10) | 69 (10) | 75 (9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 97 (31) | 95 (29) | 100 (32) | <0.001 |
| CVH score | ||||
| Inadequate | 2509 (47) | 1284 (46) | 1225 (47) | |
| Average | 1772 (33) | 915 (33) | 857 (33) | 0.78 |
| Optimal | 1098 (20) | 576 (21) | 522 (20) | |
*For IL-6, total sample size = 5279; women, n = 2733; men, n = 2546.
CVH, cardiovascular health; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; LS7, Life’s Simple 7;NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.