Table 1

Characteristics of study participants

Total (n=5379)Women (n=2775)Men (n=2604)P value
Age, mean (SD), years62 (10)62 (10)62 (10)0.67
Age, years
 <65, n (%)3013 (56)1559 (56)1454 (56)0.80
 ≥65, n (%)2366 (44)1216 (44)1150 (44)
Race/Ethnicity
 White, n (%)2150 (40)1092 (39)1058 (41)
 Chinese–American, n (%)733 (14)372 (13)361 (14)0.17
 Black, n (%)1253 (23)681 (25)572 (22)
 Hispanic, n (%)1243 (23)630 (23)613 (24)
Education
 ≥Bachelor’s degree, n (%)1929 (36)824 (30)1105 (42)<0.001
 <Bachelor’s degree, n (%)3450 (64)1951 (70)1499 (58)
Income
 ≥$40 000, n (%)2648 (49)1162 (42)1486 (57)<0.001
 <$40 000, n (%)2731 (51)1613 (58)1118 (43)
Health insurance
 Yes, n (%)4871 (91)2511 (90)2360 (90)0.86
 No, n (%)508 (9)264 (10)244 (10)
Biomarkers, mean (95% CI)
 hsCRP (mg/L)3.7 (3.5, 3.8)4.5 (4.2, 4.7)2.8 (2.6, 3.0)<0.001
 D-dimer (μg/mL)0.37 (0.34, 0.39)0.38 (0.35, 0.41)0.35 (0.32, 0.39)0.29
 Fibrinogen, mg/dL345.2 (343.2, 347.1)358.0 (355.2,360.8)331.5 (328.8, 334.1)<0.001
 Homocysteine (μmol/L)9.3 (9.2, 9.4)8.7 (8.6, 8.8)10.0 (9.9, 10.1)<0.001
 hs-cardiac troponin T (ng/L)6.6 (6.4, 6.8)5.2 (5.0, 5.4)8.1 (7.7, 8.5)<0.001
 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)100.8 (94.2, 107.4)114.0 (108.1, 119.8)86.8 (74.8, 98.9)<0.001
 *IL-6 (pg/mL)1.5 (1.5, 1.6)1.6 (1.5, 1.6)1.5 (1.4, 1.5)0.002
LS7 metrics
 Current smoking, n (%)671 (12)303 (11)368 (14)<0.001
 Body mass index (kg/m2)28 (5)29 (6)28 (4)<0.001
 Physical activity (MET-min/week)401 (589)338 (490)468 (672)<0.001
 Healthy diet score (0–5)1.6 (0.9)1.7 (0.9)1.4 (0.9)<0.001
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)194 (36)200 (36)189 (35)<0.001
 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)126 (21)127 (23)125 (19)0.03
 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)72 (10)69 (10)75 (9)<0.001
 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)97 (31)95 (29)100 (32)<0.001
CVH score
 Inadequate2509 (47)1284 (46)1225 (47)
 Average1772 (33)915 (33)857 (33)0.78
 Optimal1098 (20)576 (21)522 (20)
  • *For IL-6, total sample size = 5279; women, n = 2733; men, n = 2546.

  • CVH, cardiovascular health; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; LS7, Life’s Simple 7;NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.