Table 3

Determinants of ANC utilisation by regions in sub-Saharan Africa

Factor	Determinants	West Africa	East Africa	South Africa	Central Africa	Multicountry
Predisposing factors
	Household wealth/socioeconomic status	15 25 27 29 30 33 41 54 62 65 69 71 75 80 90	32 51 57 63 64 66 70 88 89 91		69	67
	Maternal age	23 30 43 54	46–48 50–53 55 57	34		49
	Maternal education	15 23 25 27 29 30 54 62 65 71	9 24 46 47 50 51 53 55 56 58–61 63 64 66 70 74		69	49 57 61 67
	Maternal occupation/ employment status	15 29 30 62 75 77	33 47 48 59 68 74	98		57 67 73 76
	Husband/partner’s occupation		68
	Husband/partner’s education	22 30 41	63 74			73
	Maternal religion	27 54 75 77	48 66 78	98		57
	Marital status and family type	41–43 80	52 53 63 68 70 79 81 82	98		61
	Parity/family and household size	15 30 40 42 77 84	23 46 47 51 60 70 78 81–83 85			49 57 61 67
	Ethnicity and cultural influence	29 75	66			61

	Residence/geographical location	15 22 25 27 30 35 44 54 62 72 77 80 90	33 46 48 51 53 59 63 64 66 70 78 91 92			49 57 73
Enabling factors
	Distance from health facilities	54	9 34 46 48 53 68 86 93			61
	Health insurance/user-fee exemption	41 54 72 90 94	81 95 96
	Involvement in decision-making/autonomy	29 30 72	87			73
	Husband/partner’s approval and support	44 97	50 52 58	98
Need factors
	Knowledge/exposure to media	22 30 54 72 75 77	32 48 58 64 83 85 86
	Attitude and perception towards ANC		32 46 56 87
	Pregnancy wantedness and planning	13 41 71	46 47 50 53 55 58 78 81 83 85 100	98	13
	Current/previous pregnancy and health experiences	84 97	50 55 56 87
	Quality/content of services		24 53 81 93 99