Association between ACEs and poor SRH and diseases among older adults in Japan and Finland
| Japan | Finland | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| SRH (poor/fair) | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): yes | 1.40 | 1.05 to 1.86 | 1.34 | 1.004 to 1.80 | 1.37 | 1.20 to 1.57 | 1.30 | 1.13 to 1.49 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): yes | 1.77 | 1.52 to 2.05 | 1.70 | 1.46 to 1.98 | 1.65 | 1.47 to 1.85 | 1.56 | 1.39 to 1.76 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no):yes | 1.46 | 1.32 to 1.62 | 1.32 | 1.19 to 1.47 | 1.68 | 1.54 to 1.83 | 1.60 | 1.46 to 1.75 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): yes | 1.50 | 1.36 to 1.67 | 1.37 | 1.23 to 1.52 | 1.66 | 1.53 to 1.80 | 1.60 | 1.47 to 1.74 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.43 | 1.33 to 1.54 | 1.35 | 1.25 to 1.46 | 1.39 | 1.32 to 1.46 | 1.34 | 1.27 to 1.41 |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): yes | 1.32 | 0.78 to 2.24 | 1.40 | 0.82 to 2.38 | 1.16 | 0.82 to 1.62 | 1.19 | 0.84 to 1.67 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): yes | 0.99 | 0.72 to 1.37 | 1.01 | 0.73 to 1.40 | 1.36 | 1.03 to 1.80 | 1.40 | 1.06 to 1.85 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no): yes | 1.26 | 1.04 to 1.52 | 1.31 | 1.08 to 1.59 | 1.05 | 0.84 to 1.32 | 1.07 | 0.86 to 1.35 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): yes | 1.26 | 1.04 to 1.52 | 1.31 | 1.08 to 1.59 | 1.11 | 0.90 to 1.36 | 1.13 | 0.91 to 1.39 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.16 | 1.008 to 1.33 | 1.20 | 1.04 to 1.38 | 1.11 | 0.97 to 1.26 | 1.13 | 0.99 to 1.28 |
| Heart disease or stroke | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): yes | 1.30 | 0.94 to 1.81 | 1.26 | 0.91 to 1.76 | 0.93 | 0.66 to 1.32 | 0.90 | 0.63 to 1.27 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): yes | 1.13 | 0.94 to 1.37 | 1.10 | 0.91 to 1.32 | 1.16 | 0.88 to 1.54 | 1.11 | 0.84 to 1.48 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no): yes | 1.16 | 1.03 to 1.30 | 1.11 | 0.99 to 1.25 | 1.35 | 1.10 to 1.64 | 1.30 | 1.07 to 1.59 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): yes | 1.15 | 1.02 to 1.29 | 1.10 | 0.97 to 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.09 to 1.59 | 1.28 | 1.05 to 1.55 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.14 | 1.04 to 1.24 | 1.10 | 1.01 to 1.20 | 1.14 | 1.01 to 1.28 | 1.11 | 0.98 to 1.25 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): yes | 1.29 | 0.96 to 1.73 | 1.30 | 0.97 to 1.74 | 1.37 | 1.07 to 1.75 | 1.34 | 1.05 to 1.72 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): yes | 1.11 | 0.94 to 1.32 | 1.12 | 0.95 to 1.33 | 1.46 | 1.18 to 1.80 | 1.42 | 1.15 to 1.76 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no): yes | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.19 | 1.06 | 0.95 to 1.18 | 1.15 | 0.97 to 1.35 | 1.12 | 0.95 to 1.32 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): yes | 1.12 | 1.01 to 1.24 | 1.11 | 1.001 to 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.04 to 1.42 | 1.19 | 1.02 to 1.39 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.08 | 1.001 to 1.17 | 1.08 | 0.995 to 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.08 to 1.30 | 1.17 | 1.06 to 1.28 |
‘Any’ denotes the presence of at least one ACE.
Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Further adjusted for education, marital status and working status.
ORs (95% CIs) were derived from logistic regression models.
Bold text indicates statistically significant with a p value less than 0.05.
ACE, Adverse childhood experience; ref., reference; SRH, self-rated health.