Association between ACEs and former and current smoking among older adults in Japan and Finland
| Japan | Finland | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Former smoking (ref: never) | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): Yes | 1.13 | 0.82 to 1.57 | 1.12 | 0.81 to 1.56 | 1.54 | 1.31 to 1.81 | 1.48 | 1.26 to 1.74 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): Yes | 1.14 | 0.96 to 1.36 | 1.11 | 0.93 to 1.32 | 1.45 | 1.26 to 1.67 | 1.38 | 1.20 to 1.60 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no): Yes | 1.14 | 1.02 to 1.26 | 1.13 | 1.02 to 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.28 to 1.57 | 1.37 | 1.24 to 1.53 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): Yes | 1.13 | 1.02 to 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.01 to 1.25 | 1.45 | 1.31 to 1.60 | 1.40 | 1.27 to 1.55 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.11 | 1.03 to 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.22 to 1.38 | 1.26 | 1.19 to 1.35 |
| Current smoking (ref: never) | ||||||||
| Parental divorce (ref. no): Yes | 1.46 | 1.06 to 2.01 | 1.32 | 0.95 to 1.82 | 1.64 | 1.32 to 2.03 | 1.49 | 1.20 to 1.85 |
| Fear of a family member (ref. no): Yes | 1.29 | 1.07 to 1.55 | 1.16 | 0.96 to 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.19 to 1.76 | 1.32 | 1.09 to 1.61 |
| Childhood poverty (ref. no): Yes | 1.20 | 1.07 to 1.35 | 1.10 | 0.98 to 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.99 to 1.40 | 1.07 | 0.92 to 1.25 |
| Any ACE (ref. no): Yes | 1.24 | 1.10 to 1.39 | 1.13 | 1.01 to 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.16 to 1.53 | 1.24 | 1.08 to 1.43 |
| Number of ACEs (continuous variable) | 1.20 | 1.10 to 1.31 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.12 to 1.33 | 1.15 | 1.06 to 1.26 |
‘Any’ denotes the presence of at least one ACE.
Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Further adjusted for education, marital status and working status.
ORs (95% CIs) were derived from multinomial logistic regression models.
Bold text indicates statistically significant with a p value less than 0.05.
ACE, Adverse childhood experience; ref., reference.