Clinical characteristics of different genders
| Characteristic or parameter | Female (n=214) | Male (n=366) | Total (n=580) | P value |
| Age, years | 65.5±10.97 | 64.43±11.6 | 64.82±11.38 | 0.276 |
| Smoking (%) | 2 (0.9%) | 164 (44.8%) | 166 (28.6%) | <0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 78 (36.4%) | 155 (42.3%) | 233 (40.2%) | 0.188 |
| DM (%) | 84 (39.3%) | 201 (54.9%) | 285 (49.1%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.14±3.95 | 25.08±3.06 | 24.73±3.44 | 0.003 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.47±17.66 | 132.27±17.71 | 131.97±17.68 | 0.601 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78.65±10.22 | 83.27±10.35 | 81.57±10.53 | <0.001 |
| ABI | 1.12±0.08 | 1.13±0.07 | 1.13±0.07 | 0.025 |
| CAVI | 8.32±1.28 | 8.49±1.3 | 8.43±1.29 | 0.128 |
| LS BMD, g/cm2 | 0.98±0.16 | 1.17±0.18 | 1.1±0.2 | <0.001 |
| FN BMD, g/cm2 | 0.78±0.13 | 0.91±0.14 | 0.86±0.15 | <0.001 |
| TH BMD, g/cm2 | 0.84±0.14 | 0.99±0.14 | 0.94±0.16 | <0.001 |
| WCC, 109/L | 5.54±1.51 | 6.01±1.58 | 5.84±1.57 | <0.001 |
| NLR | 2.06±1.16 | 2.41±1.6 | 2.28±1.46 | 0.002 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.45±0.78 | 3.31±0.9 | 3.36±0.86 | 0.063 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.37±0.79 | 1.64±1.14 | 1.54±1.03 | 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.62±1.04 | 4.25±1.05 | 4.38±1.06 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.26±0.31 | 1.09±0.31 | 1.15±0.32 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.74±0.92 | 2.48±0.88 | 2.58±0.9 | 0.001 |
| UA, umol/L | 311.23±91.81 | 387±93.56 | 359.04±99.79 | <0.001 |
| ESR, mm/hour | 14.05±11.71 | 8.07±8.96 | 10.22±10.42 | <0.001 |
| EGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 75.3±18.51 | 76.7±18.79 | 76.19±18.69 | 0.385 |
Data are expressed as the mean±SD or percentage. The p value was calculated by Student’s t-test or the χ2 test.
ABI, ankle brachial index; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CVD, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FN BMD, femoral neck BMD; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LS BMD, BMD in the lumbar spine; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TH BMD, total hip BMD; UA, uric acid; WCC, white cell count; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.