Predictors of PPF: binary logistic regression
| Fatigue at 10 days | Fatigue at 1 month | Fatigue at 3 months | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal age (years) | |||
| 16–19 | 0.91 (0.55 to 1.51) | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.15) | 1.01 (0.45 to 2.24) |
| 20–24 | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.79)*** | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.71)*** | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.70)** |
| 25–29 | 0.91 (0.76 to 1.09) | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.77)*** | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) |
| 30–34 | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 35–39 | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.22) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.39) | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.38) |
| 40+ | 1.20 (0.86 to 1.66) | 1.39 (0.99 to 2.95) | 2.00 (1.34 to 2.98)** |
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Multiparous | 0.83 (0.71 to 0.97)* | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.97)* | 1.21 (0.95 to 1.54) |
| Left full-time education | |||
| Aged 16 or more years | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Aged <16 years | 0.64 (0.52 to 0.78)*** | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.93)* | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.13) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| SVD | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Instrumental | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.52) | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.25) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) |
| Planned CS | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.27) | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.52) | 1.30 (0.96 to 1.76) |
| CS due to unforeseen problem | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.34) | 1.09 (0.85 to 1.41) | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.51) |
| Labour duration (min)† | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00)* | 1.00 (1.00 to 0.00)* | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00)** |
| Postnatal depression | |||
| 10 days | 2.08 (1.79 to 2.42)*** | 1.65 (1.40 to 1.95)*** | 1.24 (0.98 to 1.56) |
| 1 month | 1.27 (1.03 to 1.56)* | 2.13 (1.72 to 2.63)*** | 1.28 (0.96 to 1.71) |
| 3 months | 1.17 (0.86 to 1.60) | 1.62 (1.18 to 2.23)** | 2.99 (2.13 to 4.21)*** |
| Postnatal anxiety | |||
| 10 days | 2.49 (2.04 to 3.04)*** | 1.36 (1.10 to 1.67)** | 1.13 (0.84 to 1.52) |
| 1 month | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.67) | 2.77 (2.13 to 3.61)*** | 1.54 (1.09 to 2.18)* |
| 3 months | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.25) | 1.08 (0.76 to 2.55) | 2.42 (1.65 to 3.56)*** |
| Postnatal sleep | |||
| 10 days | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.54) | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.41) | 0.80 (0.46 to 1.38) |
| 1 month | 1.39 (0.92 to 2.08) | 0.90 (0.58 to 2.38) | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.65) |
| 3 months | 1.04 (0.67 to 1.59) | 2.20 (1.43 to 4.38)*** | 2.87 (1.80 to 4.60)*** |
| PTSD | |||
| 10 days | 4.31 (2.88 to 6.45)*** | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.48) | 0.79 (0.48 to 1.32) |
| 1 month | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.27) | 3.67 (2.27 to 9.92)*** | 1.40 (0.79 to 2.48) |
| 3 months | 0.88 (0.48 to 1.61) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.12) | 1.84 (1.00 to 3.38)* |
| Postnatal mental health problems | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.21) | 0.59 (0.44 to 0.79)*** | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.09) |
| Infant feeding at 3 months | |||
| Formula only | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Breast only | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24) | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.42) | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.76)* |
| Combined | 1.17 (0.95 to 1.45) | 1.33 (1.06 to 1.67)* | 1.73 (1.29 to 2.33)*** |
| Other | 0.30 (0.06 to 1.45) | 0.97 (0.21 to 7.50) | 0.59 (0.06 to 5.68) |
| Infant health poor at 3 months | 1.22 (1.00 to 1.49) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.41) | 1.52 (1.15 to 2.00)* |
NB: Only variables significant in earlier iterations of logistic regression included (see online supplementary appendix for a full list of variables).
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Duration of labour in minutes marginally positively associated with PPF.
CS, caesarean section; PPF, postpartum fatigue; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; ref, reference group; SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery.