Participants’ results for clinical and physical variables
| Variables | Control group (n=40) Mean±SD | Headache group (n=44) Mean±SD | P value | |
| Demographics | Age (years) | 29.8±10.9 | 27.6±10.3 | 0.34 |
| F:M | 19:21 | 32:12 | 0.01* | |
| Years w/headache | 0.8±3.9 | 10.7±8.7 | <0.001* | |
| Weight (kg) | 72.3±15.5 | 67.4±11.5 | 0.10 | |
| Height (m) | 1.7±0.1 | 1.6±0.1 | 0.08 | |
| IMC (kg/m2) | 24.5±4.0 | 24.1±3.9 | 0.64 | |
| Kinesiophobia (17–68) | 26.8±6.1 | 28.5±6.2 | 0.20 | |
| Self-efficacy (10–40) | 35.8±0.3.9 | 34.7±3.6 | 0.18 | |
| Anxiety (20–80) | 33.1±10.6 | 38.0±10.2 | 0.03* | |
| Headache | Frequency (per month) | 0.5±1.0 | 8.0±7.8 | <0.001* |
| Mean intensity (/10) | 1.9±1.8 | 4.6±1.2 | <0.001* | |
| Maximum intensity (/10) | 3.3±2.6 | 7.1±1.7 | <0.001* | |
| HIT-6 (36–78) | 42.6±5.6 | 54.6±8.5 | <0.001* | |
| Neck pain | Frequency (per month) | 2.7±6.3 | 7.2±9.2 | 0.01* |
| Mean intensity (/10) | 1.6±1.4 | 3.1±1.7 | <0.001* | |
| Maximum intensity (/10) | 2.6±2.3 | 4.6±2.3 | <0.001* | |
| NDI (/50) (%) | 2.0±2.7 (4.0) | 7.1±4.4 (14.2) | <0.001* | |
| NDI (/45)† (%) | 1.5±2.6 (3.3) | 5.0±4.4 (11.1) | <0.001* | |
| Endurance task | MVC before (N) | 111.3±38.7 | 95.9±30.4 | 0.04* |
| MVC after (N) | 104.0±33.9 | 87.7±24.8 | 0.01* | |
| Endurance time (second) | 68.1±32.3 | 61.9±20.1 | 0.30 | |
| Perceived effort (6–20) | 15.0±1.7 | 15.2±1.7 | 0.68 |
*Statistically significant difference.
†Neck Disability Index (NDI) score calculated without the headache question (item 5).
F, female; HIT-6, 6-item Headache Impact Test; IMC, body mass index; M, male; MVC, maximum voluntary contraction.