Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis for determinant factors associated with anaemia among Ethiopian women, 2016
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 Individual-level factors | Model 3 Community-level factors | Model 4 Individual+community-level factors |
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–29 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07) | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.19) | ||
| 30–39 | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.11) | ||
| 40–49 | 0.76 (0.61 to 0.92) | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.96) | ||
| Educational status | ||||
| No education | 1.41 (1.13 to 1.76) | 1.37 (1.10 to 1.72) | ||
| Primary | 1.22 (0.99 to 1.51) | 1.24 (1.00 to 1.53) | ||
| Secondary | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.5) | 1.23 (0.98 to 1.52) | ||
| Higher | 1 | 1 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.22) | ||
| Married | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.23) | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.23) | ||
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 1 | 1 | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 1 | |||
| Protestant | 1.36 (1.16 to 1.58) | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.63) | ||
| Muslim | 2.04 (1.79 to 2.33) | 1.36 (1.16 to 1.58) | ||
| Other | 1.49 (1.05 to 2.12) | 1.525 (1.06 to 2.13) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1.73 (1.48 to 2.03) | 1.29 (1.014 to 1.60) | ||
| Poorer | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.54) | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.45) | ||
| Middle | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.51) | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.50) | ||
| Richer | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.24) | 1.01 (0.82 to 1.24) | ||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Current using contraceptives | ||||
| Yes | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.10) | 1.0 (0.91 to 1.11) | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Currently pregnant | ||||
| Yes | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.52) | 1.28 (1.10 to 1.51) | ||
| no | 1 | 1 | ||
| Currently breast feeding | ||||
| yes | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.24) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.28) | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Gravidity of women (total children ever born) | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–3 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 1.22 (1.02 to 1.44) | ||
| 4+ | 1.40 (1.15 to 1.72) | 1.39 (1.13 to 1.69) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.50) | 1.05 (0.69 to 1.61) | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Birth in the last 1 year | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–2 | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.37) | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.32) | ||
| Children ever born in preceding 5 years | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1 | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.29) | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | ||
| 2+ | 1.39 (1.16 to 1.66) | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | ||
| HIV test | ||||
| Positive | 2.19 (1.65 to 2.91) | 2.11 (1.59 to 2.79) | ||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
| Community-level factors | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.67 (1.35 to 2.05) | 1.29 (1.02 to 1.63) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Tigray | 0.39 (0.28 to 0.53) | 0.52 (0.38 to 0.72) | ||
| Afar | 1.25 (0.91 to 1.7) | 1.14 (0.83 to 1.56) | ||
| Amhara | 0.30 (0.22 to 0.41) | 0.39 (0.28 to 0.54) | ||
| Oromia | 0.55 (0.41 to 0.75) | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.78) | ||
| Somali | 2.40 (1.78 to 3.27) | 2.16 (1.58 to 2.90) | ||
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 0.36 (0.25 to 0.50) | 0.37 (0.26 to 0.52) | ||
| SNNPR | 0.40 (0.29 to 0.54) | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.57) | ||
| Gambella | 0.63 (0.45 to 0.87) | 0.63 (0.45 to 0.89) | ||
| Harari | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.04) | 0.76 (0.54 to 1.04) | ||
| Addis Ababa | 0.54 (0.39 to 0.73) | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.91) | ||
| Dire Dawa | 1 | 1 | ||
| Water source | ||||
| Piped water | 1 | 1 | ||
| Other improved | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.26) | ||
| Unimproved | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.44) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.27) | ||
| Latrine facility type | ||||
| Improved toilet | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unimproved toilet | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | ||
| Open defecation | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.55) | 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39) | ||
| Other | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.17) | 0.94 (0.69 to 1.27) | ||
| Random effects (effect of variation / measure of variation for anaemia) | ||||
| Community level variance (SE) | 0.888 (0.07) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.035) |
| P value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| DIC (−2log likelihood) | 7926.056 | 7749.25 | 7720.74 | 7613.56 |
| ICC (%) | 21.25 | 16.1 | 18.3 | 15.86 |
| Explained variation – PCV (%) | Reference | 40.95 | 21.0 | 43.1 |
| MOR | 2.44 | 2.13 | 2.3 | 2.1 |
Note: Model 1=empty model (without the predictors); model 2=adjusted for individual factors; model 3=adjusted for community-level factors; model 4=adjusted for both community-level and individual-level factors.
DIC, deviance information criterion; ICC, intracluster correlation coefficient; MOR, median OR; PCV, percentage change in variance; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region.