Characteristic of the study participants by bone mineral density status
| Variable | Total (n=636) | Normal (n=195) | Osteopenia (n=305) | Osteoporosis (n=136) | P trend |
| Age, years | 65 (13) | 60 (11) | 66 (12) | 71 (12) | <0.001* |
| Age | <0.001* | ||||
| 40–64 years | 303 (47.6) | 139 (71.3) | 129 (42.3) | 35 (25.7) | |
| ≥65 years | 333 (52.4) | 56 (28.7) | 176 (57.7) | 101 (74.3) | |
| Substance use, n (%) | |||||
| Smoking | 15 (2.4) | 5 (2.6) | 8 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | 0.557 |
| Alcohol | 38 (6.0) | 12 (6.2) | 24 (7.9) | 2 (1.5) | 0.130 |
| Betel nut | 7 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.0) | 3 (2.2) | 0.160 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| Body weight, kg | 60 (13) | 64 (13) | 61 (12) | 56 (11) | <0.001* |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 (5) | 27 (5) | 26 (5) | 24 (5) | <0.001* |
| Lipschitz classification for ≥65 years, n (%) | <0.001* | ||||
| <22 kg/m2 | 31 (9.3) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (6.8) | 19 (18.8) | |
| 22.0–27 kg/m2 | 169 (50.8) | 20 (35.7) | 92 (52.3) | 57 (56.4) | |
| >27 kg/m2 | 133 (39.9) | 36 (64.3) | 72 (40.9) | 25 (24.8) | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83 (13) | 83 (13) | 83 (13) | 79 (11) | 0.002* |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 (0.09) | 0.85 (0.08) | 0.86 (0.09) | 0.86 (0.09) | 0.288 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.54 (0.09) | 0.54 (0.08) | 0.54 (0.09) | 0.52 (0.08) | 0.271 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 137 (29) | 134 (29) | 139 (29) | 136 (26) | 0.407 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 77 (15) | 75 (15) | 78 (17) | 76 (14) | 0.933 |
| Lab data | |||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.80 (0.22) | 0.80 (0.17) | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.178 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.5 (1.8) | 5.4 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.9) | 0.043* |
| ALT, U/L | 22 (9) | 22 (10) | 22 (8) | 23 (10) | 0.110 |
| AST, U/L | 22 (14) | 23 (16) | 22 (13) | 21 (14) | 0.059 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 117 (45) | 119 (49) | 118 (40) | 111 (45) | 0.146 |
| TC, mg/dL | 194 (54) | 199 (59) | 194 (49) | 192 (52) | 0.217 |
| TG, mg/dL | 97 (67) | 93 (61) | 101 (66) | 93 (71) | 0.721 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 54 (17) | 53 (16) | 55 (17) | 52 (18) | 0.588 |
| Fasting sugar, mg/dL | 98 (20) | 98 (22) | 99 (19) | 97 (20) | 0.227 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | 0.005* |
| Albumin (mean±SD) | 4.41±0.31 | 4.44±0.30 | 4.41±0.32 | 4.36±0.31 | – |
| Total protein, g/dL | 7.4 (0.6) | 7.4 (0.6) | 7.3 (0.5) | 7.3 (0.8) | 0.613 |
| HBV, n (%) | 93 (14.6) | 30 (15.4) | 45 (14.8) | 18 (13.2) | 0.597 |
| HCV, n (%) | 205 (32.2) | 46 (23.6) | 103 (33.8) | 56 (41.2) | 0.001* |
Continuous data were presented as median and IQR.
*P<0.05;
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.