Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence OR of caries by perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations among aged 12–19 year-old US adolescents (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2012)
| PFAA quartile (range, ng/mL) | N caries (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
| PFOA | |||
| 0.0–2.3 | 427 (62) | Ref | Ref |
| 2.4–3.5 | 400 (58) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.20) |
| 3.6–4.9 | 410 (59) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.05) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) |
| 5.0–22 | 407 (59) | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.21) |
| Log2 PFOA | N/A | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.12) |
| PFOS | |||
| 0.0–7.2 | 421 (61) | Ref | Ref |
| 7.3–13 | 399 (58) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.12) | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.16) |
| 14–22 | 421 (61) | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.25) | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.31) |
| 23–116 | 403 (58) | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.17) |
| Log2 PFOS | N/A | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) |
| PFNA | |||
| 0.0–0.5 | 467 (66) | Ref | Ref |
| 0.6–0.8 | 422 (60) | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) | 0.79 (0.63 to 1.01) |
| 0.9–1.2 | 407 (59) | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.90) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.08) |
| 1.3–6.7 | 348 (53) | 0.57 (0.46 to 0.71) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) |
| Log2 PFNA | N/A | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.91) | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.01) |
| PFHxS | |||
| 0.0–0.9 | 440 (64) | Ref | Ref |
| 1.0–1.8 | 418 (59) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.10) |
| 1.9–3.7 | 372 (54) | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.83) | 0.78 (0.61 to 0.99) |
| 3.8–82 | 414 (60) | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.05) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) |
| Log2 PFHxS | N/A | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.05) |
*Adjusted for: Adolescents’ gender, race (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, other non-Hispanic race), education level of the parent/guardian (<12; 12; some college education), family PIR (<1, 1–1.85, >1.85), blood lead and serum cotinine levels.
PFAA, perfluoroalkyl acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perflurooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.