Measures of frequency and association for depression or self-harm in new users of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) or new users of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) versus sulfonylureas (SU), thiazolidinediones (TZD) or insulin
| DPP-4i new user cohort | GLP-1RA new user cohort | |||
| Comparator: SU | ||||
| DPP-4i | SU | GLP-1RA | SU | |
| No of patients | 6206 | 22 128 | 501 | 16 409 |
| Person-years of follow-up | 5589 | 18 596 | 549 | 13 418 |
| No of events | 46 | 218 | 10 | 183 |
| Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 8.2 (6.2 to 11) | 11.7 (10.3 to 13.4) | 18.2 (10 to 33.5) | 13.6 (11.8 to 15.8) |
| Crude HR | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | Ref | 1.36 (0.72–2.58) | Ref |
| Adjusted HR | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | Ref | 1.25 (0.63–2.50) | Ref |
| Comparator: TZD | ||||
| DPP-4i | TZD | GLP-1RA | TZD | |
| No of patients | 9565 | 2512 | 851 | 2011 |
| Person-years of follow-up | 9190 | 2786 | 1035 | 2165 |
| No of events | 92 | 30 | 17 | 27 |
| Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 10.0 (8.2 to 12.3) | 10.8 (7.6 to 15.4) | 16.4 (10.3 to 26.3) | 12.5 (8.6 to 18.1) |
| Crude HR | 0.90 (0.59–1.36) | Ref | 1.32 (0.72–2.42) | Ref |
| Adjusted HR | 1.17 (0.70–1.96) | Ref | 1.18 (0.53–2.65) | Ref |
| Comparator: insulin | ||||
| DPP-4i | Insulin | GLP-1RA | Insulin | |
| No of patients | 10 049 | 3600 | 854 | 2745 |
| Person-years of follow-up | 9878 | 1161 | 1033 | 919 |
| No of events | 97 | 24 | 14 | 19 |
| Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 9.8 (8.1 to 12) | 20.7 (13.9 to 30.8) | 13.6 (8.1 to 22.7) | 20.7 (13.3 to 32.3) |
| Crude HR | 0.54 (0.34–0.87) | Ref | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | Ref |
| Adjusted HR | 0.98 (0.53–1.83) | Ref | 1.07 (0.39–2.94) | Ref |