Table 2

Rate ratio of frequent physical fighting in males aged 13 years

VariableModel 1P valuesModel 2P valuesModel 3P valuesModel 4P values
Constant14.81 (8.54 to 25.69)14.48 (8.52 to 24.62)14.35 (8.38 to 24.59)16.05 (8.81 to 29.26)
Survey0.85 (0.66 to 1.08)0.190.76 (0.51 to 1.13)0.180.77 (0.50 to 1.19)0.240.71 (0.48 to 1.06)0.09
Corporal punishment ban
 No ban (reference category)1.001.001.001.00
 Partial ban (in schools)0.84 (0.59 to 1.20)0.330.85 (0.59 to 1.22)0.370.86 (0.58 to 1.28)0.470.93 (0.60 to 1.44)0.73
 Full ban (schools and home)0.69 (0.49 to 0.99)0.040.68 (0.46 to 0.99)0.040.69 (0.46 to 1.05)0.080.74 (0.46 to 1.17)0.19
Income per capita (US$, thousands)1.00 (0.99 to 1.00)0.361.00 (0.99 to 1.00)0.331.00 (0.99 to 1.00)0.44
Homicides (per 1 million)0.98 (0.90 to 1.06)0.580.98 (0.90 to 1.06)0.57
Weapons ban at school0.91 (0.73 to 1.15)0.45
Home visits for child maltreatment0.94 (0.62 to 1.42)0.75
Parent education 
programmes
1.13 (0.64 to 2.00)0.66
Capital punishment ban0.82 (0.59 to 1.15)0.25
Goodness of fit:
 AIC460.50460.97462.74468.11
 BIC470.41473.36477.60492.88
 Deviance (to 2 log likelihood)−226.25−225.49−225.37−224.05
 Likelihood ratio test (vs model 1)χ2 (df=1)=1.520.22χ2 (df=2)=1.760.41χ2 (df=6)=4.390.63
  • 95% CI shown in parentheses.

  • AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion.