Violence by perpetrator and associations with HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and sexual risk behaviours
| Recent violence from any perpetrator | Violence by perpetrator (reference group: no recent violence) | |||||||
| No recent violence (%) (n=727) | Any recent violence (%) (n=365) | P values | Domestic violence only (%)(n=216) | Workplace and/or community violence only (%) (n=80) | Domestic and workplace or community violence (%) (n=69) | P values* | ||
| HIV | % | 8.1 | 6.1 | 2.5 | 13.4 | 8.9 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.42–1.27) | 0.26 | 0.28 (0.11–0.73) | 1.75 (0.88–3.5.0) | 1.11 (0.40–3.38) | 0.022 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | 0.53 | 0.40 (0.15–1.09) | 1.16 (0.55–2.44) | 1.32 (0.41–4.29) | 0.27 | |
| Reactive syphilis† | % | 3.4 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 6.2 | 3.5 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.40–1.91) | 0.74 | 0.42 (0.09–2.02) | 2.04 (0.60–6.89) | 1.12 (0.30–4.22) | 0.60 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 1.27 (0.68–2.38) | 0.46 | 1.14 (0.30–4.46) | 1.17 (0.57–2.40) | 2.04 (0.53–7.81) | 0.76 | |
| High-titre syphilis (recent syphilis) | % | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0 | 0.9 | 2.5 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 1.70 (0.36–8.03) | 0.50 | – | 2.36 (0.25–22.07) | 6.74 (1.15–39.58) | 0.11 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 2.22 (0.54–9.17) | 0.27 | – | 2.27 (0.26–19.8) | 24.96 (5.94–96.70) | <0.0001 | |
| STI symptoms in the past 12 months (vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain not associated with menses and/or genital ulcer) | % | 30.7 | 48.9 | 41.5 | 57.3 | 63.3 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 2.16 (1.61–2.89) | <0.0001 | 1.60 (1.11–2.31) | 3.03 (1.77–5.18) | 3.90 (2.18–6.95) | <0.0001 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 2.27 (1.66–3.09) | <0.0001 | 1.87 (1.24–2.81) | 2.41 (1.40–4.17) | 3.90 (2.10–7.26) | <0.0001 | |
| Condom use last sex with occasional client‡ | % | 97.5 | 94.5 | 97.2 | 91.6 | 91.0 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | 0.038 | 0.87 (0.29–2.63) | 0.28 (0.10–0.74) | 0.26 (0.09–0.75) | 0.0073 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 0.39 (0.19–0.83) | 0.014 | 1.03 (0.33–3.28) | 0.20 (0.07–0.52) | 0.22 (0.06–0.81) | 0.0001 | |
| Condom use last sex with regular client§ | % | 93.0 | 88.2 | 92.6 | 85.9 | 76.0 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 0.56 (0.32–0.98) | 0.043 | 0.94 (0.44–2.01) | 0.46 (0.20–1.05) | 0.24 (0.11–0.50) | 0.0012 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 0.61 (0.32–1.15) | 0.12 | 1.25 (0.54–2.90) | 0.33 (0.15–0.73) | 0.25 (0.10–0.59) | 0.0003 | |
| Condom use at last sex with regular partner | % | 23.1 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 27.8 | 10.4 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 0.53 (0.32–0.89) | 0.016 | 0.46 (0.26–0.84) | 1.29 (0.51–3.22) | 0.39 (0.16–0.93) | 0.012 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 0.63 (0.35–1.14) | 0.13 | 0.79 (0.42–1.51) | 0.40 (0.14–1.12) | 0.48 (0.14–1.67) | 0.30 | |
| Condom breakage at last sex¶ | % | 1.2 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 15.1 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 4.38 (1.91–10.02) | 0.0005 | 2.46 (0.84–7.25) | 2.60 (0.62–10.9) | 14.3 (5.10–40.30) | <0.0001 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 4.32 (1.74–10.73) | 0.0017 | 3.72 (1.13–12.25) | 1.71 (0.36–8.20) | 19.29 (5.42–68.73) | 0.0001 | |
| Either client, female sex workers or both under the influence of alcohol at last sex | % | 35.8 | 42.4 | 34.1 | 53.9 | 56.0 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 1.32 (0.99–1.76) | 0.058 | 0.93 (0.661.30) | 2.09 (1.24–3.52) | 2.28 (1.31–3.99) | 0.0015 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 1.29 (0.09–1.77) | 0.12 | 0.97 (0.66–1.42) | 1.66 (0.96–2.84) | 2.16 (1.19–3.92) | 0.024 | |
| Visited an STI clinic in the past six months for STI symptoms** | % | 27.8 | 44.5 | 39.0 | 51.6 | 53.2 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 2.08 (1.49–2.92) | <0.0001 | 1.66 (1.10–2.52) | 2.77 (1.61–4.78) | 2.95 (1.61–5.43) | <0.0001 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 2.28 (1.59–3.27) | <0.0001 | 2.04 (1.28–3.24) | 2.32 (1.35–3.97) | 3.18 (1.68–6.03) | 0.0001 | |
| Had contact with a peer educator in the last month†† | % | 92.0 | 96.9 | 96.3 | 100 | 95.2 | ||
| Crude OR | 1.0 | 2.74 (1.24–6.07) | 0.013 | 2.27 (0.86–6.00) | – | 1.73 (0.55–5.43) | 0.20 | |
| Adjusted OR | 1.0 | 2.22 (0.98–5.00) | 0.055 | 1.75 (0.63–4.90) | – | 1.18 (0.36–3.92) | 0.56 | |
Models adjusted for age, district, marital status, migrant sex work, place of selling sex and having an income other than sex work.
*Adjusted Wald test: tests the null hypothesis that the coefficients (categories of exposure to violence) are equal to zero.
Missing observations:
†n=1 (0.1%).
‡n=1 (0.1%).
§n=1 (0.1%).
¶n=3 (0.3%).
**n=159 (14.3%).
††n=22 (2.0%).