Table 3

Generalised linear model examining associations between opioid use and chronic pain

VariablesCategoriesOR (95% CIs)P values
Intercept0.970 (0.956 to 0.985)<0.001
Age1.000 (1.000 to 1.000)0.112
Pain gradeSeverely limiting1.078 (1.060 to 1.097)<0.001
Moderately limiting1.036 (1.016 to 1.056)<0.001
High intensity1.022 (1.013 to 1.031)<0.001
Low intensity0.995 (0.968 to 1.023)0.746
No chronic painRef
Income quintileHighest quintile1.017 (1.004 to 1.030)0.008
4th1.018 (1.006 to 1.030)0.004
3rd1.018 (1.006 to 1.030)0.003
2nd1.016 (1.004 to 1.028)0.007
Lowest quintileRef
Highest qualificationNo qualification1.012 (1.000 to 1.024)0.059
Foreign/other1.005 (0.972 to 1.039)0.761
NVQ level 1 or equivalent1.002 (0.984 to 1.021)0.809
NVQ level 2 or equivalent1.004 (0.994 to 1.015)0.400
NVQ level 3 or equivalent1.011 (1.000 to 1.022)0.050
NVQ level 4 or equivalent1.005 (0.992 to 1.017)0.461
NVQ level 5 orequivalentRef
General healthVery bad1.137 (1.102 to 1. 174)<0.001
Bad1.057 (1.035 to 1.080)<0.001
Fair1.022 (1.010 to 1.034)<0.001
Good1.000 (0.992 to 1.008)0.995
Very goodRef
AnxietyExtreme1.015 (0.991 to 1.039)0.227
Moderate1.008 (1.000 to 1.017)0.052
Not anxiousRef