Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country | Year | N (% male) | Age range | Race/ethnicity | Eye examined | Pupil dilation | Fundus photography | Image grading | OCT used |
| BDES | USA | 1987–1988 | 4802 | 43–84 | Caucasian | Both | Yes | 30°; stereo; >3 fields; film | Reading centre at University of Wisconsin | No |
| Beixinjing* | China | 2010–2011 | 3326 (44.5) | 50–98 | Asian | Both | Yes | 45°; non-stereo; two fields; digital | Ophthalmologists | No |
| BMES | Australia | 1992–1993 | 3490 (43.8) | ≥49 | Caucasian | Both | Yes | 30°; stereo; six fields; film | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
| Funagata | Japan | 2000–2002 | 1543 (43.4) | ≥ 35 | Asian | Right eye | No | 45°; non-stereo; one field; film | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
| HES | China | 2006–2007 | 6565 (46.7) | ≥ 30 | Asian | Both | Part of* | 45°; non-stereo; two fields; digital | Ophthalmologists | Yes |
| Hisayama | Japan | 1998 | 1765 (38.5) | ≥ 40 | Asian | Both | Yes | 45°; non-stereo; one field; film | Ophthalmologists | No |
| Jiangning | China | 2012–2013 | 2005 (43.7) | ≥ 50 | Asian | Both | No | 45°; non-stereo; >2 fields; digital | Trained graders | Yes |
| LALES | USA | 2000–2003 | 5982 (42.0) | ≥ 40 | Hispanic | Both | Yes | 30°degree; stereo, three fields; film | Reading centre at University of Wisconsin | No |
| MESA | USA | 2002–2004 | 5960 (47.9) | 45–84 | White, black; Asian; Hispanic | Both | No | 45°; non-stereo; two fields; digital | Reading centre at University of Wisconsin | No |
| SCES | Singapore | 2009–2011 | 3353 | 40–80 | Asian | Both | Yes | 45°; non-stereo; two fields; digital | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
| SiMES | Singapore | 2004–2006 | 3265 (48.1) | 40–80 | Asian | Both | Yes | 45°; non-stereo; two fields; digital | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
| SINDI | Singapore | 2007–2009 | 3328 (50.2) | 40–80 | Asian | Both | Yes | Non-stereo; two fields; digital | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
| VIP | Australia | 1992–1997 | 4313 (47.0) | ≥ 40 | Caucasian | Both | Yes | 30°; stereo; two fields; film | Reading centre at University of Sydney | No |
*Data only available for primary ERMs.
BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; HES, Handan Eye Study; LALES, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; OCT, optical coherence tomography; SCES, Singapore Chinese Eye Study; SiMES, Singapore Malay Eye Study; SINDI, Singapore Indian Eye study; VIP, Visual Impairment Project.