Mental health variables in adolescence stratified by classes of family income during childhood (n=9154)
| Never poor M (SD) | Moving into poverty M (SD) | Moving out of poverty M (SD) | Chronically poor M (SD) | Χ2 | df | p Value | Pairwise comparisons | |
| SDQ total | 10.03 (0.06) | 11.28 (0.32) | 11.49 (0.48) | 11.31 (0.40) | 41.365 | 3 | <0.001 | 1<2, 3, 4 |
| Emotion | 2.99 (0.03) | 3.28 (0.16) | 3.52 (0.22) | 3.29 (0.18) | 14.792 | 3 | 0.002 | 1<3 |
| Conduct | 1.41 (0.02) | 1.57 (0.09) | 1.69 (0.13) | 1.67 (0.10) | 19.139 | 3 | <0.001 | 1<3, 4 |
| Hyper | 3.92 (0.02) | 4.29 (0.14) | 4.32 (0.20) | 3.70 (0.17) | 12.019 | 3 | 0.007 | 1<2, 3; 2>4; 3>4 |
| Peer | 1.71 (0.02) | 2.15 (0.11) | 1.95 (0.15) | 2.65 (0.13) | 77.107 | 3 | <0.001 | 1<2, 4; 2<4; 3<4 |
| Depression | 5.77 (0.07) | 6.74 (0.41) | 6.68 (0.52) | 6.86 (0.51) | 15.843 | 3 | 0.001 | 1<2, 4 |
| ADHD | 26.82 (0.12) | 27.72 (0.68) | 28.48 (0.93) | 25.74 (0.88) | 5.667 | 3 | 0.129 | – |
| Inattention | 14.49 (0.08) | 14.92 (0.43) | 15.33 (0.60) | 13.63 (0.53) | 4.704 | 3 | 0.195 | – |
| Hyperactivity/ impulsivity | 11.44 (0.06) | 11.81 (0.37) | 11.60 (0.50) | 10.58 (0.48) | 3.96 | 3 | 0.266 | – |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.