Table 5

Forced labour dimensions by demographics, migration history and potential associated exposures, n(%), n=140

	Unfree recruitment (n=62)			Work/life duress (n=99)			Impossibility to leave (n=19)			Forced labour (n=102)
		PR^* (95% CI)	p Value		PR^* (95% CI)	p Value		PR^* (95% CI)	p Value		PR^* (95% CI)	p Value
Age groups (at departure of most recent migration)
<25 (n=58)	24 (41.4)	Ref		39 (67.2)	Ref		9 (15.5)	Ref		40 (69.0)	Ref
25–34 (n=57)	27 (47.4)	1.14 (0.76 to 1.73)	0.520	44 (77.2)	1.15 (0.91 to 1.44)	0.238	7 (12.3)	0.79 (0.32 to 1.99)	0.619	45 (79.0)	1.14 (0.92 to 1.43)	0.227
≥35 (n=20)	7 (35.0)	0.85 (0.43 to 1.66)	0.626	11 (55.0)	0.82 (0.53 to 1.27)	0.367	2 (10.0)	0.64 (0.15 to 2.75)	0.553	12 (60.0)	0.87 (0.58 to 1.30)	0.494
p Value	0.598			0.155			0.835^†			0.218
Median (IQR)	26 (21–30)			26 (21–31)			24.5 (20–32)			26 (21–31)
Caste/ethnicity
Brahman/Chhetree (n=67)	31 (46.3)	Ref		48 (71.6)	Ref		7 (10.5)	Ref		49 (73.1)	Ref
Newar (n=26)	12 (46.2)	1.00 (0.61 to 1.63)	0.992	18 (69.2)	0.97 (0.72 to 1.30)	0.822	2 (7.7)	0.74 (0.16 to 3.33)	0.691	19 (73.1)	1.00 (0.76 to 1.32)	0.996
Janajati (n=41)	14 (34.2)	0.74 (0.45 to 1.22)	0.233	28 (68.3)	0.95 (0.74 to 1.23)	0.716	9 (22.0)	2.10 (0.84 to 5.23)	0.110	29 (70.7)	0.97 (0.76 to 1.24)	0.790
p Value	0.427			0.928			0.170 ^†			0.960
Highest level of education attended
None/informal/primary (n=41)	16 (39.0)	Ref		32 (78.1)	Ref		3 (7.3)	Ref		32 (78.1)	Ref
Secondary (n=69)	34 (49.3)	1.26 (0.80 to 1.99)	0.313	46 (66.7)	0.85 (0.68 to 1.08)	0.807	15 (21.7)	2.97 (0.91 to 9.69)	0.071	49 (71.0)	0.91 (0.73 to 1.14)	0.405
Higher secondary/vocational/tertiary (n=30)	12 (40.0)	1.03 (0.57 to 1.84)	0.934	21 (70.0)	0.90 (0.67 to 1.19)	0.456	1 (3.3)	0.46 (0.05 to 4.20)	0.488	21 (70.0)	0.90 (0.67 to 1.19)	0.456
p Value	0.502			0.445			0.028 ^†			0.670
Number of previous labour migrations
Once (n=86)	40 (46.5)	Ref		64 (74.4)	Ref		12 (14.0)	Ref		66 (76.7)	Ref
More than once (n=54)	22 (40.7)	0.88 (0.59 to 1.30)	0.511	35 (64.8)	0.87 (0.69 to 1.10)	0.245	7 (13.0)	0.93 (0.39 to 2.22)	0.868	36 (66.7)	0.87 (0.70 to 1.09)	0.215
p Value	0.503			0.224			0.868			0.192
Most recent migration destination^‡
Malaysia (n=63)	31 (49.2)	Ref		46 (73.0)	Ref		7 (11.1)	Ref		47 (74.6)	Ref
GCC countries^§ (n=52)	27 (51.9)	1.06 (0.73 to 1.52)	0.772	40 (76.9)	1.05 (0.85 to 1.30)	0.630	8 (15.4)	1.38 (0.54 to 3.58)	0.502	41 (78.9)	1.06 (0.86 to 1.29)	0.592
p Value	0.772			0.631			0.583^†			0.593
Most recent migration work
Construction worker (n=13)	8 (61.5)	1.23 (0.74 to 2.04)	0.423	9 (69.2)	0.89 (0.60 to 1.32)	0.559	3 (23.1)	1.56 (0.48 to 5.10)	0.464	9 (69.2)	0.89 (0.60 to 1.32)	0.556
Factory worker (n=54)	27 (50.0)	Ref		42 (77.8)	Ref		8 (14.8)	Ref		42 (77.8)	Ref
Kitchen/food-related work (n=11)	3 (27.3)	0.55 (0.20 to 1.49)	0.237	8 (72.7)	0.94 (0.63 to 1.38)	0.736	0	—		8 (72.7)	0.94 (0.63 to 1.38)	0.736
Security (n=8)	4 (50.0)	1.00 (0.47 to 2.11)	1	6 (75.0)	0.96 (0.63 to 1.48)	0.442	3 (37.5)	2.53 (0.84 to 7.63)	0.099	6 (75.0)	0.96 (0.63 to 1.48)	0.867
General labourer/porter (n=13)	4 (30.8)	0.62 (0.26 to 1.46)	0.269	8 (61.5)	0.79 (0.50 to 1.25)	0.312	1 (7.7)	0.52 (0.07 to 3.82)	0.520	10 (76.9)	0.99 (0.71 to 1.38)	0.948
Supervisor, skilled, professional (n=19)	7 (36.8)	0.74 (0.39 to 1.41)	0.356	15 (79.0)	1.02 (0.77 to 1.33)	0.915	1 (5.3)	0.36 (0.05 to 2.68)	0.315	15 (79.0)	1.02 (0.77 to 1.33)	0.915
Other (n=22)	9 (40.9)	0.82 (0.46 to 1.45)	0.491	11 (50.0)	0.64 (0.41 to 1.00)	0.051	3 (13.6)	0.92 (0.27 to 3.17)	0.895	12 (54.6)	0.70 (0.47 to 1.06)	0.089
p Value	0.543 ^†			0.323^†			0.251^†			0.573^†
Duration of most recent labour migration
<1 year (n=13)	4 (30.8)	Ref		7 (53.9)	Ref		3 (23.1)	Ref		7 (53.9)	Ref
1–3 years (n=53)	26 (49.1)	1.59 (0.67 to 3.78)	0.290	39 (73.6)	1.37 (0.80 to 2.32)	0.249	11 (20.8)	0.90 (0.29 to 2.78)	0.854	40 (75.5)	1.40 (0.83 to 2.38)	0.210
>3 years (n=68)	28 (41.2)	1.34 (0.56 to 3.18)	0.510	47 (69.1)	1.28 (0.76 to 2.18)	0.356	4 (5.9)	0.25 (0.06 to 1.01)	0.052	49 (70.1)	1.34 (0.79 to 2.27)	0.278
p Value	0.456^†			0.383			0.021 ^†			0.299
When returned from most recent labour migration
Within past 12 months (n=35)	18 (51.4)	Ref		26 (74.3)	Ref		3 (8.6)	Ref		27 (77.1)	Ref
1–5 years (n=69)	30 (43.5)	0.85 (0.55 to 1.29)	0.434	48 (69.6)	0.94 (0.73 to 1.20)	0.608	10 (14.5)	1.69 (0.49 to 5.78)	0.402	49 (71.0)	0.92 (0.73 to 1.17)	0.492
5–10 years (n=34)	14 (41.2)	0.80 (0.48 to 1.34)	0.399	24 (70.6)	0.95 (0.71 to 1.27)	0.732	6 (17.7)	2.06 (0.56 to 7.61)	0.276	25 (73.5)	0.95 (0.73 to 1.25)	0.729
p Value	0.654			0.880			0.554^†			0.800
Debt for labour migration (not taken from agent/employer)
No (n=40)	12 (30.0)	Ref		25 (62.5)	Ref		5 (12.5)	Ref		25 (62.5)	Ref
Yes (n=100)	50 (50.0)	1.67 (1.00 to 2.79)	0.052	74 (74.0)	1.18 (0.91 to 1.55)	0.216	14 (14.0)	1.12 (0.43 to 2.91)	0.816	77 (77.0)	1.23 (0.95 to 1.60)	0.121
p Value	0.031			0.177			0.815			0.081
Have contact with migrants or contact details of migrants or organisations
No (n=49)	21 (42.9)	Ref		36 (73.5)	Ref		7 (14.3)	Ref		36 (73.5)	Ref
Yes (n=91)	41 (45.1)	1.05 (0.71 to 1.56)	0.805	63 (69.2)	0.94 (0.76 to 1.17)	0.593	12 (13.2)	0.92 (0.39 to 2.20)	0.857	66 (72.5)	0.99 (0.80 to 1.22)	0.905
p Value	0.803			0.599			0.856			0.905
Attended trainings before leaving Nepal
No (n=127)	55 (43.3)	Ref		87 (68.5)	Ref		17 (13.4)	Ref		90 (70.9)	Ref
Yes (n=13)	7 (53.9)	1.24 (0.72 to 2.14)	0.432	12 (92.3)	1.35 (1.11 to 1.64)	0.003	2 (15.4)	1.15 (0.30 to 4.45)	0.840	12 (92.3)	1.30 (1.07 to 1.58)	0.007
p Value	0.562 ^†			0.108^†			0.690^†			0.186^†
Aware that migrants are sometimes deceived
No (n=27)	6 (22.2)	Ref		21 (77.8)	Ref		4 (14.8)	Ref		22 (81.5)	Ref
Yes (n=113)	56 (49.6)	2.23 (1.07 to 4.64)	0.032	78 (69.0)	0.89 (0.70 to 1.13)	0.324	15 (13.3)	0.90 (0.32 to 2.49)	0.833	80 (70.8)	0.87 (0.70 to 1.08)	0.202
p Value	0.010			0.369			0.763^†			0.262

*PR, prevalence ratios.
†Fisher's exact test.
‡Destinations exclude India (n=20) and others (n=5).
§Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain.