PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ilhan, Emre
AU  - Davies, Luke
AU  - Pacey, Verity
AU  - Smith, Mitchell
AU  - Munro, Jane
AU  - Munns, Craig
AU  - Sturgiss, Elizabeth
AU  - Williams, Nicole
AU  - Tofts, Louise
AU  - Locke, Vance
AU  - Haines, Terry
AU  - Brennan, Sue E
AU  - Maloney, Stephen
AU  - Sarkies, Mitchell N
AU  - Clavisi, Ornella
AU  - Miles, Dan
AU  - Nissen, Lisa
AU  - Williams, Cylie
TI  - Breadth and visibility of children’s lower limb chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review
AID  - 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082801
DP  - 2024 Oct 01
TA  - BMJ Open
PG  - e082801
VI  - 14
IP  - 10
4099  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/10/e082801.short
4100  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/10/e082801.full
SO  - BMJ Open2024 Oct 01; 14
AB  - Objective To identify the types of conditions reported in peer-reviewed literature that result in chronic musculoskeletal lower limb pain in children and adolescents and explore the alignment of these conditions with the chronic pain reporting codes indexed in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11).Design This scoping review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Data sources Five electronic databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library).Eligibility criteria Articles involving children and adolescents under 18 years and reporting on chronic musculoskeletal pain of the lower limb were included.Data extraction and synthesis We assigned an ICD-11 code to each condition based on details reported in the study. We recorded whether any of the presenting conditions were linked to an ICD-11 chronic pain manifestation code.Results From 12 343 records, 418 papers were included. There were 124 unique conditions associated with chronic lower limb pain, the most commonly reported being chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (24 studies) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (26 studies). Only 11.1% of presenting conditions were linked to an ICD-11 chronic pain manifestation code.Conclusion Most presenting conditions associated with chronic pain in the lower limb do not have a chronic pain manifestation code in the new global standard for recording health information. This means chronic pain associated with common lower limb conditions may remain invisible in global statistics.All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. The full dataset generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. An abbreviated version of all data used for analysis in this review is available in the online supplemental tables 2 and 3.