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Abstract
Objectives The widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) raised concerns on the safety of long-term use of these drugs. Community pharmacists have great responsibility of educating patients on these drugs which requires having adequate knowledge. The aim of this study was to assess the practices and knowledge of community pharmacists regarding PPIs.
Design This was a cross-sectional study conducted by filling in a questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed after a comprehensive literature review and assessed knowledge and practices.
Settings Community pharmacists with at least 1 year of experience working in a community pharmacy were enrolled in the study.
Participants Community pharmacists with at least 1 year of experience working in a community pharmacy were enrolled in the study.
Primary outcome measures The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists towards PPIs dispensing.
Results A total of 459 community pharmacists were approached for participation in the study, 451 (98.3%) community pharmacists agreed to be enrolled. The most dispensed PPIs in Jordan were lansoprazole and the most commonly treated medical condition with PPIs was gastric ulcer. PPIs were dispensed by the pharmacists very frequently and one-fourth of the participants did not review instructions with patients to ensure their proper use of PPIs. Participants had an average knowledge of 6.1±1.7 (the highest knowledge score is 12). More than one-third of participants (180, 39.9%) had inadequate knowledge (a score of less than 6). Being a PharmD graduate was the only significant factor that predicted adequate knowledge in the logistic regression model, with an adjusted OR of 5.671, p=0.002.
Conclusion To provide adequate pharmaceutical care services, community pharmacists must possess appropriate knowledge on different aspects of PPIs concerning administration, efficacy and long-term and short-term side effects.
- Health
- Health & safety
- Gastroenterology
- Medicine
- Pharmacists
- CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Data availability statement
Data are available on reasonable request. Data can be shared through the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
This was a cross-sectional study where data were collected using a Google Form.
Community pharmacists with at least a bachelor’s degree and 1 year of experience were included.
The questionnaire included demographics, social data and different aspects of knowledge on proton pump inhibitors.
The participants were considered to have adequate knowledge if they scored ≥50%.
Introduction
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most prescribed drugs for treatment and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal problems. They are the medical care experts’ best option for treatment of upper gastrointestinal issues like dyspepsia, gastro-oesophageal reflex infection and peptic ulcer illnesses.1 Even though they are profoundly effective and have a more prominent degree of tolerability and safety, their irrational use may prompt unfavourable therapeutic results.2
In line with the focus on self-care and the resulting financial benefits for governments and insurance providers, an increasing number of medications, such as PPIs, have been made available without a prescription or over the counter (OTC).3 Irrational use of PPIs is known to have adverse therapeutic outcomes. Abuse of PPIs may introduce expanded danger of bone fracture4 and may prompt mineral and nutrient inadequacies and Clostridium difficile infection.5
It is estimated that over $13 million sales of PPI prescriptions occurred worldwide.6 This rise a concern about the overutilisation of PPIs, which will lead to significant high cost and undesirable outcomes such as C. difficile, acute interstitial nephritis and microscopic colitis.7 In addition, they may lead to minerals and vitamins malabsorption such as calcium, magnesium and vitamin B12.8
The introduction of a standardised guideline on prescribing PPI helped in decreasing inpatient use of PPI prescriptions, only among patients not receiving PPIs at the time of hospital admission.9 This support that the majorities of prescriptions are among outpatient sittings and are taking care by community pharmacists (CPs).10 The understanding and perspective of CPs about PPIs is crucial for optimising PPI use and preventing side effects, drug–drug interactions and improper PPI use.11
Worldwide, several studies have been done to assess the knowledge and attitude of CPs towards the use of PPIs. One study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showed that almost all CPs recommend antiulcer drugs for their patients. The study showed a significant association between length of work experience in community pharmacy and reporting PPIs’ adverse events.12 Another study was performed in Riyadh and included a total of 414 surveyors. The results of this study showed that healthcare professionals in the Riyadh area are generally positive about the use of PPIs. However, increasing their level of knowledge and reducing their reliance on PPIs must be strengthened. Frequent professional development programmes and trainings for healthcare professionals are needed to minimise widespread PPI overuse.13 Moreover, as concerns about the increasing use of PPIs rise, a study conducted in Australia recommends that PPIs continue to be overused worldwide and should be a focus for deprescribing programmes. Ongoing education and awareness campaigns for health professionals and patients, including electronic reminders at the point of prescribing, are strategies that have the potential to reduce PPI use in individuals who do not have an evidence-based clinical indication for their long-term use.14
In Jordan, only a few studies have elaborated on the attitude and knowledge of pharmacists towards the use of OTC or prescribed medications. Given the importance of CPs’ role in achieving optimal PPI use and preventing possible adverse events or drug–drug interactions, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of CPs towards the use of PPIs in relation to the recent overuse of PPIs. Up to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in Jordan that sheds light on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of CPs regarding PPI use.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted between January 2023 and May 2023. A research assistant distributed the questionnaire to the CPs in a Google Form to ensure the inclusion of pharmacists who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and to answer any inquiries and improve the response rate. Convenience sampling was used to enrol participants. CPs were able to access the questionnaire if they agreed to participate.
Inclusion criteria: Pharmacists with at least a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy and with at least 1 year of experience working in a community pharmacy (to ensure practice with PPI use) were asked to participate in the study.
Development of the questionnaire
The questionnaire was developed and written in the English language after a comprehensive literature review. The self-developed questionnaire was constructed based on the information that must be collected to achieve the aims and objectives of this study. The questionnaire included four sections: demographic, geographical region, and social data, knowledge of pharmacists on the correct use of PPIs, possible side effects of the correct duration, practice patterns of CPs, attitudes towards counselling and educating their patients, as well as their recommendations regarding PPI use. The geographical region in Jordan was included as a variable because the educational, economic level and cultural characteristics of the customers differ significantly from one region to another. Consequently, the practices of the CPs, personal experience and surrounding environment may affect their knowledge. In addition, most of the educational lectures and courses are centred in the middle and north regions which might affect the knowledge of the participants. The knowledge score was calculated by summing the correct answers related to the knowledge section, correct answers were assigned 1 and incorrect answers were assigned zero. The participants were considered to have adequate knowledge if they scored 6 out of 12, ≥50% (the highest knowledge score was 12) and inadequate knowledge if the score was less than 6, <50%.15–17 The questionnaire was translated into Arabic by a language expert since some pharmacists received their education in Arabic. The Arabic version was matched with the English version and verified by two field experts. Pilot sample included 10 responses from known pharmacists, and they were asked to give comments on the clarity, comprehensiveness and suitability of the questionnaire and modifications were performed accordingly. The modifications were minor changes concerning the wording or rephrasing of certain questions for a clearer understanding and absence of ambiguity and data presentation (whether continuous or categorical).
Patient and public involvement
Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.
Sample size calculations
Sample size was calculated using the Raosoft Sample Size Calculator.18 Z is the statistic corresponding to the level of confidence; for a 95% CI, which is 1.96; P is expected prevalence, and it is assigned as 0.5 to give the largest sample and 1−P=0.5; and d is precision, d=0.05. Population size of community pharmacies was 4000, the approximate number of community pharmacies in Jordan. By using the above values, the sample size was calculated to be 351 participants. However, a larger sample size was targeted to provide more information.
Statistical analysis
The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, V.25.0. (IBM). Descriptive analysis, including frequency and percentage, was used for categorical variables, and the mean and SD were provided for the continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to evaluate possible predictors of adequate knowledge. Variables included in the model were selected based on other studies that evaluated knowledge of pharmacists in different aspects of their pharmacy practice.19–21 P values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 459 CPs were approached for participation in the study, 451 (98.3%) CPs agreed to be enrolled. Reasons for not participating were loss of interest and being too busy.
Most of the respondents 322 (70.2%) were young females with an average age of 27.80±6.798 years. The general characteristics of the participants are shown in table 1.
The general characteristics of the participants, N=459
The most dispensed PPI in Jordan was lansoprazole and the least dispensed was dexlanzoprazole, most probably due to its high price. PPIs were dispensed mainly to treat gastric ulcer, GER and acute gastritis (figure 1).
(A) The frequency of commonly used PPIs; (B) The most commonly treated medical condition with PPIs. PPIs, proton pump inhibitors. NSAIDs, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Most of the pharmacists (404, 89.6%) thought that they had adequate information on gastrointestinal diseases. PPIs were dispensed by the pharmacists very frequently, almost half dispensed them daily, but they do not represent a first choice for indigestion. Almost one-fourth of the participants do not review instructions with patients to ensure their proper use of PPIs drugs view (table 2).
Practices of pharmacists concerning PPIs dispensing
Only 345 participants (76.5%) reported having effective communications with their patients to ensure that they are treated safely and effectively. Their knowledge included information about long-term and short-term side effects, dosage regimens, and differences among PPIs (see table 3).
Knowledge of pharmacists on different aspects of PPIs
Participants had an average knowledge of 6.1±1.7 (the highest knowledge score is 12). More than one-third of participants (180, 39.9%) had inadequate knowledge (a score of less than 6). Being a PharmD graduate was the only significant factor that predicted adequate knowledge in the logistic regression model (table 4).
Possible predictors of adequate knowledge using logistic regression analysis
Discussion
PPIs in Jordan are considered OTC drugs; pharmacists can dispense them to the customers without a prescription. Therefore, appropriate knowledge and practices of the CP are pivotal to maintain patients’ safety and adequate use.
Most of the respondents were females which is expected since in Jordan the pharmacy profession, especially the community pharmacies, is dominated by females. PPIs were frequently dispensed by the pharmacists, almost 80% of the CPs dispensed PPIs at least once weekly. In a recent review, Shanika et al evaluated global use of PPIs in the general population. They identified 28 million PPI users (one-quarter of adults), of which two-thirds were on high doses.22 In Iceland, a nationwide study showed an annual increase in PPI use from 8.5 per 100 persons to 15.5 per 100 persons.23 Similar reports of increased PPI consumption were documented in many studies worldwide.24 25 Regrettably, it is also common that patients are prescribed PPIs during their hospital stay and many continue taking them after discharge without an indication or appropriate termination schedule.26 This confirms the finding of a study that revealed that 70% of patients take PPIs without appropriate indication.27
The widespread increase in the use of PPIs warrants a careful assessment of the practices and knowledge of prescribers/dispensers (physicians of prescription only and pharmacists for OTC drugs). Lansoprazole was the most frequently used PPI; in other countries different PPIs were mostly used. This is probably based on the availability of generic drugs and cheaper alternatives.11 Strangely enough, one-third of the pharmacists do not tell their customers about the side effects of the PPIs and do not review the instructions with patients to ensure their proper use. Despite their relative safety, long-term use of PPIs exposes the consumer to many side effects including reduced calcium and magnesium absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, community-acquired pneumonia, C. difficile-associated disease.26 Additional serious complications also include chronic kidney disease28 through the inhibition of proton pumps in the renal tubule.29
Almost all the participants knew that PPIs should be given before breakfast, however, few knew that the duration of treatment with PPIs as OTC drug is 1–2 weeks and most of the participants thought that patients can receive them for longer durations as OTC drugs. This is lower than neighbouring countries, where in Saudi Arabia, 54.9% of CPs recommend treatment for 1–2 weeks.12 Consumers should not use PPIs as an OTC longer than 2 weeks, and patients who need them longer should be encouraged to refer to a physician.30
CPs did not have appropriate knowledge concerning certain long-term and short-term side effects of PPI use. A mere 20% of the participants knew that PPIs caused enteric and respiratory infections, although an association was found between their long-term use and increased risk of enteric bacterial infections.31 Additionally, pharmacists were not aware of the risk of gastrointestinal malignancies. Many studies proposed several mechanisms for gastric cancer, such as increased proliferation of enterochromaffin-like cells32 and gastric colonisation by Helicobacter pylori.33
41% of the CPs did not know that long-term side effects of PPIs included osteoporosis. Although association between the risk of fracture and PPI use is controversial.34 Patients with certain medical conditions, such as renal dysfunction, have higher risk. Consequently, CPs must know about this risk and vulnerable groups and should provide recommendations concerning routine prophylaxis for osteoporosis.35 Knowledge concerning short-term side effects also was not adequate, headache/dizziness, diarrhoea/constipation and rash/hypersensitivity were not known as possible side effects by many CPs.
This finding emphasises the need for appropriate knowledge by the CPs of long-term and short-term side effects of PPIs to be competent in providing recommendation to the consumers in terms of stopping unnecessary oral administration of PPIs. A recent study revealed that only 44% of PPI prescriptions in the Netherlands had an indication.36 In Kuwait, 87.4% of surveyed physicians agreed that PPI overuse is common and that there is a need for education on appropriate use of PPIs for the public as well as physicians.37 In the United Arab Emirates, 83% of pharmacists reported providing advice to their patients to stop long-term use of PPIs if there was no indication.38 Despite the involvement of all healthcare professionals in providing advice on PPIs, disparities in knowledge are present. A large study that was conducted in China, investigated awareness of medical staff towards PPI use. Pharmacists showed significantly higher levels of awareness compared with doctors and nurses (p<0.01).39
Unlike similar studies that explored the pharmacy education programme did not affect the knowledge of CPs.11 In this study, the only predictor of adequate knowledge was having a PharmD degree. This emphasises the comprehensive and valuable education that they receive that endows them with great knowledge that can be transferred to the consumers.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has evaluated the prescribing pattern, knowledge and practices of CPs towards the use of PPI in Jordan. The information revealed by the study identifies gaps in knowledge and practices that must be addressed by healthcare services and regulatory bodies to guarantee safety of consumers.
Limitations of the study include the generalisability of the findings. Although CPs from different geographical regions participated in the study, differences within the same region and lack of randomisation (convenient sampling) limit the generalisability of the data but it still gives an approximate description of the current situation. The chosen knowledge cut-off of 50% is another limitation of the study since it is controversial and may differ in other similar studies where the cut-off is 60%. This will affect comparisons with other studies and the assumptions of having adequate knowledge.
Future studies should assess the association between the knowledge of the patients and the presence of side effects. Continuous professional development programmes should be implemented and the effect on the practices of CPs should be assessed.
Conclusion
CPs frequently dispense PPIs to millions of consumers worldwide. To provide adequate pharmaceutical care services, CPs must possess appropriate knowledge of different aspects of PPIs’ prescribing, efficacy and long-term and short-term side effects. CPs play an important role in the judicious use of PPIs, this includes educating patients on appropriate use and possible side effects to minimise harm and maximise benefits. The practices and knowledge of CPs suffers from several gaps and disparities and can be addressed through educational programmes and continuous professional development activities.
Data availability statement
Data are available on reasonable request. Data can be shared through the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
The institutional review board’s approval from Amman Al-Ahliyya University was obtained before starting the study (IRB/AAU/3/14/2021–2022) in September 2022.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the community pharmacists who agreed on participation in this study.
References
Footnotes
Contributors LG: conceptualisation, methodology, analysis, writing-original draft preparation, guarantor. MAA: conceptualisation, data curation, writing-original draft preparation. MIA-H, ED and RA: conceptualisation, data curation, supervision, editing the original draft. ZL: methodology, writing-reviewing and editing. ZZZ: methodology, writing-reviewing and editing. LG is the guarantor.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.